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What is inference?
It is the way by which the mind
acquires new knowledge from a
set of facts that is already known
The knowledge gained from
inference is called insight and it
is arrived at by way of judgment
To judge is to affirm whatever
is true, and truth is arrived at
when we infer from a set of
known facts
EDUCTION
It is a process of creating a new
proposition from a given proposition
by interchanging the subject and the
predicate of the given proposition
and/or the use or removal of
negatives
Also called as equipollence, or giving
equal value, it is the method of stating
the same truth in another way
Types of Eduction
1. Conversion it deals with the
creation of a new proposition by
interchanging the subject and
predicate of a given proposition but
leaving its quality unchanged.
Re-phrases the truth of a given
proposition called convertend by
interchanging the subject and the
predicate, without over-extending the
quality of either of them. The resulting
statement is called converse.
Method:
A. Interchange subject (S) and
predicate (P) without overextending their quality. Overextension is the mirror of taking a
particular term as a universal term.
To avoid this mistake, determine first
the respective extension of subject
and predicate before interchanging
B. Retain the quality of the copula of
their position in the sentence.
the convertend, that is, the
affirmative remains affirmative, or
the negative remains negative.
Examples:
Convertend: No man is infinite. (Su
+ Pp)
Converse: No infinite being is a
man. (Su + Pp)
The given proposition is called the
convertend while the new proposition
is called the converse.
converse
Example:
Convertend: Every man is an animal.
Converse: Some animals are men. (S
The universal subject Every man of
the convertend becomes a particular
term when it becomes the predicate of
the converse which is an affirmative
and because the convertend is an
affirmative, the predicate animal is a
particular term and remains so, as
indicated by the quantifier some when it
becomes the subject-term of the converse.
This shows how the A is converting to I
Types of Conversion
A. Simple Conversion preserves the
quantity of the convertend to converse.
This is only possible with the
propositions E and I since these
propositions both subject (S) and
predicate (P) have the same quantity or
extension. Thus, E converts to E and I
Example
Example
of I=I
convertsoftoE=E
I as in these
examples:
convert:
convert:
E: A dog is not a
cat.
A cat is not a dog.
I:
2.
3.
4.
5.
(a)A=A:
(Activity: Complete the symbolic
presentation)
Contraponend:
Obverse:
creature.
Converse:
T-rex..
(b) E=O:
Contraponend:
A dog is not a cat.
Obverse:
Every dog is non-cat.
Converse:
Some non-cats are dogs.
Contraposit:
Some non-cats are
non-dogs.
(c) O=O:
Contraponend: Some students are not
scholars.
Obverse:
Some students are nonscholars.
Converse:
Some non-scholars are
students.
Obverse:
Some non-scholars are
Inverting A to O and E to I
propositions
Obversion-conversion-obversionconversion-obversion or (O-C-O-C-O)
Example:
Every X is a Y is obverted to Every
X is not a non-Y, converted to Every
non-Y is not an X, obverted to Every
non-Y is a non-X, converted to Some
non-X is a non-Y, and lastly, obverted
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.