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EXPLORATION

GEOPHYSICS

PRIHADI SA / 2005

COURSE INSTRUCTOR

DR. PRIHADI SA.

PRIHADI SA / 2005

COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. Understand exploration geophysics concept.
2. Understand the application of geophysical
methods
3. Understand how to get structural and reservoir
information from seismic data.

PRIHADI SA / 2005

PRIHADI SA / 2005

INTRODUCTION

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Geophysics involves the application of


physical theories and measurements to
discover the properties of the earth.
Includes the branches of :
1. seismology
2. geothermometry
3. hydrology
4. physical oceanography
5. meteorology
6. gravity and geodesy
7. atmospheric electricity and terrestrial magnetism
8. tectonophysics
9. exploration and engineering geophysics
PRIHADI SA / 2005

EXPLORATION
GEOPHYSICS
Exploration geophysics is the use
of seismic, gravity, magnetic,
electrical, electromagnetic, etc.,
methods in the search for oil, gas,
minerals, water, etc., with the
objective of economic exploitation.
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Reconnaisance Survey

Detail Survey

Drilling

Evaluation / Monitoring
Well Logging
Crosshole Survey
VEP Survey

Schlumberger VES Survey


MT Survey

ELF

TEM Survey

Pole - Dipole

VLF

CSAMT Survey

Seismic Refraction
Seismic Reflection
( Real Time Geophysics )

Gravity & Magnetic


Remote Sensing

Fluid Flow Tomography ( FFT ) Survey

Satellite / Airborne

Surface

Hole - to - Surface

Hole - to - Hole

Borehole

( Geotomography )
1000 km

Regional

100 km

Basin

10 km

1 km

Structure

100 m

Stratification

10 m

Fracture

TAHAPAN EKSPLORASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM

1m

10 cm

1 cm

Texture Scale

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Hydrodynamics

Neutron

Test

Cores

Flow Test

Net Thickness

1
3

1
1

Mechanical Properties

Contacts

Pressure

Porosity

Permeability

1
3

Relative Permeability

2
3

2
3

2
1

Production Rates

2
4

Fluids Produced

3
2

2
4

Well Damage

1
3

1
1

1
2

3. Average Data Source

Recovery Efficiency
2. Good Data Source

1. Best Source

1
3

Water Properties

Pore Sizes

Code :

Hydrocarbon Properties

Fluid Saturation

Lithology

and Geology

Gammma Ray

Engineering

Density

Analogy

Acoustic

History

SP

GO R

Electric

Water Cut

Drillstem

Gross Thickness

Producing Mechanism

Wireline

Cores

Logs

Special
Study

Production

Cuttings

Well Bore Operation

Mud log

Post Development

Drill Rate

Character

Amplitude

Velocity

Structure and Area

Time

Gravity

Operation

Depth Markers

Geology Engineering
Study

Seismic

Gravity

During Drilling

Pressure

Predrilling

Analogy,
Regional
knowledge
and maps
Depositional
Environment

Time

1
2

4. Poor Data Source


PRIHADI SA / 2005

Hydrocarbon exploration requires indirect means of both


detection and measurement of the properties of rocks within
the subsurface
1. The development of geologic analogs
Understanding of the processes and principles of geology
pertaining to the rocks in which hydrocarbons may occur and
the frame work of basins in which these rocks may exist.

2. The application of geophysical techniques


Geophysicists pursued indirect measurement techniques to
develop pictures of the subsurface.
PRIHADI SA / 2005

HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATION

PRIHADI SA / 2005

There are three basic elements for


hydrocarbon accumulation in the subsurface :

RESERVOIR
TRAP
SOURCE
PRIHADI SA / 2005

What is Petroleum?

Petroleum: a natural yellow


-to-black flammable
liquid hydrocarbon found beneath
the earths surface
Hydrocarbon:an
an organic compound made up
of carbon and hydrogen atoms

PRIHADI SA / 2005

PETROLEUM SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Petroleum System Elements

Anticlinal Trap

Top Seal Rock


(Impermeable)

Reservoir Rock

Potential
Migration Route

(Porous/Permeable)

Source Rock

(Organic Rich)
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PRIHADI SA / 2005

Hydrocarbon traps requires


the existence of :
1. a reservoir
2. an isolated region of low potential in the
reservoir
3. a barrier (or seal) with high enough entry
pressure to retain a commercially
producible volume of hydrocarbons
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Three basic kinds of traps exist


structural, stratigraphic, and
hydrodynamic and that there may be
combinations of any two or of all three
kinds.
All three kinds have a reservoir
bounded by a barrier but differ in what
causes the isolated area of low
potential.
PRIHADI SA / 2005

HYDROCARBON TRAP
TYPES

Anticline
Fault

Salt Dome
Pinchout

Unconformity

American Petroleum Institute,


1986

PRIHADI SA / 2005

Anticlinal Theory
Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure

Gas
Oil
Water

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THE SEARCH FOR OIL AND GAS


A Multiphase Process

Global Basin Analysis


Play Concept
Exploration Fairway
Drillable Prospect
Production Feasibility Analysis
Environmental Impact Study
Obtain Lease
Wildcat Drilled
Appraisal Wells
Field Facilities
Development Wells
Refining and Marketing

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INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY
Seismic
Interpretation

Structural
Elements

Wellbore
Analysis

Reservoir
Parameters

Integrated
Reservoir Model
Core
Integration

Horizontal
Wells

Recovery
Efficiency
Geologic
Facies

Performance
History

Upgraded
Facilities

Field Development

Increased Production
Improved Recovery
PRIHADI SA / 2005

An exploration cycle in a basin consists


of three phases :
1. Structural mapping utilizing surface geology, remote
sensing, or seismic surveys or any combination.
The target is a closed anticlinal or fault trap.
2. Mapping and evaluating the exact distribution of reservoir
beds within the basin.
3. Searching for obscure trapping conditions where
hydrocarbons accumulate under conditions that do not fit
conventional stratigraphic or structural trap descriptions.
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PETROLEUM
EXPLORATION

Surface Geology
- Aerial photos
- Geologic maps

Subsurface Analysis
- Gravity
- Magnetics
- Seismic reflection
- Wells

PRIHADI SA / 2005

Silicon Graphics

REGIONAL GEOLOGY:

FIELD MAPPING AND LITERATURE


DISTILLATION COMPUTER MODELING OF
PALEOGEOGRAPHY

Regional effort is focused on identifying


potentially effective petroleum systems
PALEOGEOGRAPHY

PETROLEUM
SYSTEMS

GEOGRAPHIC
OPPORTUNITY

EXPLORATION PLAYS

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STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY :

CASE HISTORIES: OUTCROP AND SEISMIC


MODELING: PHYSICAL AND COMPUTER
STRATIGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES

Understanding the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces

SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION

PHYSICAL MODELS

3D KINEMATIC
MODEL BUILDING

PHYSICAL MODELS AS GUIDES


TO INTERPRETATION

Oblique Slip Model


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STRATIGRAPHY
:

DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
PETROPHYSICS AND PALEONTOLOGY

Understanding the processes creating sedimentary units

Shale/Wet Sand

MESOZOIC
&
CENOZOIC

Clastic Sedimentary
Record missing due to
erosion:
Must reconstruct history
from regional data

Top of Gas Sand

Rock Physics

PERMIAN

Base of Gas Sand

L
Upper
Permian

Sedimentary Modeling

PENN.

MISS.

Forward
Modeling

CARBONIFEROUS

M-U
Pennsylvanian

Carbonate
Analogues
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AERIAL PHOTO
Compressional
Mountain Range

Traditional Tool with


Improved Resolution

Thrust Zone

Alluvial Fan

Aerial photo for


mapping patterns
Thrust Zone

JMA

Alluvial Fan

Field check for


geological detail

PRIHADI SA / 2005

PROSPECT MAPPING USING 3D SEISMIC


TWT Horizon

RMS-amp
interval

TWT Horizon

Sequence Boundary

Sequence Boundary

Stratigraphic Interval for Reservoir

Overlay of Reservoir on Structure

Confined
Flow

Less
Confine
d
Flow

Prospects

5 km

5 km

N
PRIHADI SA / 2005

STRATIGRAPHIC BASIN ANALYSIS


Basin analysis is carried out in four stages :
1. Construction of regional cross-sections covering the entire area of
interest to allow subdivision of major stratigraphic units
2. Review of the existing fields to define type of reservoir, type of seal,
geometry and character of trap, and nature of the hydrocarbon charge
3. Analysis of the sedimentary facies progressions shown in cross-sections
and tied to producing examples to isolate preferred areas or zones for
reservoirs, seals, and source rocks
4. Construction of maps to allow geographic integration of key
stratigraphic relationships
PRIHADI SA / 2005

In a new basin, there are two major questions


that must assessed :
1. Are reservoirs present which are
regionally extensive ?

2. Is hydrocarbon charge present within


the basin and does it actually charge
those reservoir beds ?

PRIHADI SA / 2005

PETROLEUM MIGRATION
Petroleum is expelled by pressure and
heat from sediments containing source
materials into adjacent reservoir rocks
(primary migration), and that
hydrocarbon migrate through carrier
beds into sealed reservoirs, or traps
(secondary migration).
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Petroleum migration can be widespread along


strike and petroleum can move along
distances updip, depending on the availability
of source materials and on contiguous carrier
rocks.
Migration
petroleum
does
not
preferentially into structural traps.

move

Petroleum will be captured along its migratory


path by whatever phenomenon provides
proper trapping conditions.
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Petroleum System :
1) Early Generation

Spill Point

Migration from
Kitchen

2) Late Generation

Spill Point

Reservoir Rock
(Sandstone)

Seal Rock
(Mudstone)

Gas beginning to
displace oil

Displaced oil
accumulates
Gas displaces all
oil
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Petroleum System: Timing is Critical


Trap Must Be Available Before/During Migration

Trap
Processes: Generation

Elements:

Source
Rock

Migration

Accumulation
and Preservation

Migration
Avenue

Reservoir
and Seal
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Petroleum System Processes


Petroleum System Elements

Gas
Cap

Entrapment
Accumulation

Oil
Water

Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
Source
Rock

Generation

120 F
350 F
24803
PRIHADI SA / 2005

Downhole Drill Stem


Drilling Fluid
Tester Valve
Sample Chambers

Packer
Formation Fluid
(Oil, Gas, Water)

Tool for
testing
formation
fluid

Pressure Recorders

JMA

PRIHADI SA / 2005

American Petroleum Institute,


1986

Christmas
Tree

Pipeline to
Flow Process
and Storage

Surface
Casing
Cement
Intermediate
Casing
Cement
Production
Casing

Completed Oil Well


Water Drive - Hydrostatic
pressure pushes oil and gas
to surface
Gas-Cap Drive - Expansion of
gas under pressure pushes oil
to surface

Tubing
Completion
Fluid
Packer

Well
Fluids

Cement

Dissolved-Gas Drive - Gas


disseminated in oil; usually
requires pumping

Oil or Gas Zone


Perforations
PRIHADI SA / 2005

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

PROCEDURAL STAGES

F
DETERMINATION OF BASIN
TYPE AND STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF TIME STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
DETECTION OF
UNCONFORMITIES
ENVIRONMENTAL - FACIES
ANALYSIS
RECONSTRUCTION OF
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PREDICTION OF
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP
X

STUDY

and detailed facies description

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

AND CORES

Detailed-facies analysis

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS

(e.g., number of sands > 20' thick )

SPECIAL-PURPOSEMAPS

( e.g., isolith, three-component, ratio, etc)

FACIES-DISTRIBUTION MAPS

ISOPACH MAPS

DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACIES

PALEONTOLOGIC - ENVIRONMENT

PALEONTOLOGY - AGE

GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Detail correlation

CROSS SECTIONS

GEOLOGIC

SAMPLECUTTINGS

General rock-type determination

General regional stratigraphy and structure

SURVEYS

OTHER WELL
and facies boundaries

Detailed analyses of curve shapes

AND

ELECTRIC

gross-facies determination

General uses in correlation and

REMOTE- SENSING SURVEYS

SURVEYS

Detail correlation and interpretation

MAGNETIC SURVEYS

GRAVITY SURVEYS

SEISMIC

General correlation and interpretation

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHYC ANALYSIS

FIELD

GEOLOGIC

Systematic collections of samples

Mapping, measuring, and describing sections

EXPLORATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

THE END

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