Welcome to the participants of National Conference organized by Commerce Department of Sri Akilandeswari Women's College

Wandiwash 604 408

Dr.N.Kesavan

Research Methodology
Research
Re- search of Already Exist in the World
By qualitative and quantitative of
information to arrive a findings
From the
Primary data, and
Secondary data

Study
Case study and empirical study
Case study
Beginning to end of certain event or an
object
Empirical study
Certain problems for certain period
analyzing with qualitative and/
quantitative data

Research as a science
Experimental research scientific 100%
Behavioural experiment of human/animal
or element
Test Parametric test
Social science research -99.99%, 95%, 90%
attitudinal changes or attributes
differences and relationship on the
factors of a concept (Opinion)
Test- Non- Parametric test

Structures of the research

Research problem
identify the research problem
through the previous studies or social
issues or problems identified but not
verified or investigated if it is happen
or not, then the research is required
to prove. Hence, the researcher
should collect the review of
literature.

Review of literature
Many literatures collected for the relevant
objectives.
Summarized each reviews by author name,
year, problem findings, and suggestions
of the respective study.
Segregate all the problems in to certain
common problems
Summarization of all the problems is colled
statement of the problems of the study

Objectives
Related to the research problem, the
whole research study should be in
the boundary of objectives framed
for a study to limit the area of
research.

Hypothesis
Predetermination or assumption of the
end result
Null hypothesis - negative approach
Alternative hypothesis positive
approach
To know the relationship, associations,
differences, variance, and impact of
the independent variables on the
dependent variable

Right path of a study

Statement of the problems
Objectives
Hypotheses
Chapters scheme
should be in a strait line, these are
having a inherent relationship and
highly correlated

Need and scope of the

study
why the study is required to reveal the
concepts
Where the idea has been revealed and
generated
Possibilities of the research in the
stipulated area in certain focused
factors
Cause and effects of research
feasibility, validity are to be defined.

Methodology
Sampling procedure
Population
Unknown population - Non-probability
sampling
Known population Probability
sampling

Non-probability Sampling
Convenient sampling
Quota sampling
Judgment sampling

Probability Sampling
Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Proportionate random sampling
Stratified Proportionate random
sampling
Multi-stage sampling

Data Collection
Primary data
Nominal data - classifications of
socioeconomic characters are
generally accepted
Ordinal data segregation of the field
identified
Scaling data opinions are in the point
of any scale 12345 sda, sa, n, a, sa
Ratio data as per the ratios derived
from the calculations

Data collection..
Secondary data
linear/ trend data
raw data quantitatively already
available or published

Instrument
Interview schedules
Questionnaire
Observation
Investigation
Video/ Audio collections
Behavioural observation
Group discussion
Experimental records
Case records
E-formatted data by MIS

Frame work of analysis

Relationship- chi-square
Association Correlation
Differences T test
Variances ANOVA, MANOVA
Contributions Factor analysis
Impact - Regression

tests
T test two variables
F test more than two variables
Beta value trend/ growth
Logarithm value to find the beta
value
Simple percentage analysis is the fact
of the data result

Test..
Mean- average
Standard deviation
Standard error
Number of cases
Covariance = Standard deviation/Mean
Standardized beta value = Mean =0
Std. dev =1

Significance of the results

Calculate value is < the P value
reject the Ho
1 P value i.e., 1-0.025 = 99.975%
The confidence level of the hypothesis
can be taken into account
The appropriate tools should the
adopted to the study as per the
requirement of the study is impartant

Secondary data analysis

Simple percentage
Ratio analysis
Mean
std. dev
Co-variance
ACGR
Financial analysis by Z score model, Do
Pond analysis, balance sheet analysis,
trend analysis by using regression

Period of the study

Base year
To limit the study boundary

Limitations of the study

Actual problems the researcher faced
during the study period
Actual or possible bias in the collected
information to analytical output
existence
Whatever the researcher unable to
extend their views
The output of the results can be
applied for any other or elsewhere

Chapter scheme
The whole research report has been
segregated in separate chapter is the
customary practice for execution of the
report in a stipulated format from beginning
to end with supportive documents such as
appendix, photos, tables of required
statistical information, sources of the data
and other relevant records produced for the
authentication of the given data in the forma
of references, foot notes and bibliography

Style of the research report

Anderson Style- before the computer/
type writer machine manual
Chicago style- electronic and digital e
format
MLA style and the like wise
DTP works in MS word

Interpretations
Execution of the table values in to the
text format is a narration
The cause and effect of the table values is
interpretation
It should be a relevant and acceptable by
a layman understandings
Findings
Suggestion
conclusion

findings
The actual results of the data

suggestions
For the development of the Nation and
the the social impact whatever it
may be. But it should be benefited to
the society. These suggestions are
arrived on the basis of above
findings.

Conclusion
On the basis of findings and
suggestions, the researcher has to
summaries to conclude the actual
output of the research and the future
researcher or to the Government or
to the public/ society

Thank you