ABB Group - 1 Sep 28, 2015

Protection Application
Handbook

Network General

Network General

ABB Group - 2 Sep 28, 2015

Line Inductance and capacitance

Network General
Typical Values

ABB Group - 3 Sep 28, 2015

Voltage
Level
130
400

X1
ohm/km
0.4
0.3

X0
ohm/km
1.6
1.2

 ABB Group - 4 Sep 28, 2015

Network General
Power Line

Network General

ABB Group - 5 Sep 28, 2015

Propagation speed and Surge impedance

Network General

ABB Group - 6 Sep 28, 2015

Propagation speed and Surge impedance

Network General
Surge impedance load

Surge impedance loading ( SIL) of a line is the

power delivered by a line to a purely resistive load
equal to its surge impedance.

ABB Group - 7 Sep 28, 2015

SIL = ( VL) /

v( L/C)

MW

Power system engineers find it convenient to

express the power transmitted by a line in terms of
per unit of SIL

Network General
Surge impedance load

ABB Group - 8 Sep 28, 2015

At surge impedance load the reactive power

produced in the shunt capacitance of the line
is same as the reactive power consumed by
the reactance along the line.

Network General

ABB Group - 9 Sep 28, 2015

Surge impedance load

Surge impedance load is normally considered for

very long transmission lines at very high voltages.

For these cases actual power should not deviate

too much from surge impedance

For 220 kV line ( Single conductor) ~ 120 MW

For 400 kV line (Duplex conductor) ~ 500 MW

Network General

ABB Group - 10 Sep 28, 2015

Transferred active power < Surge impedance load

and no reactive power taken at receiving end

Voltage at receiving end > Voltage at sending end

Voltage higher at the middle of the line if voltage

kept equal at both ends

Network General

ABB Group - 11 Sep 28, 2015

Transferred active power > Surge impedance load

and no reactive power taken at receiving end

Voltage at receiving end < Voltage at sending end

Voltage lower at the middle of the line if voltage

kept equal at both ends

Network General

ABB Group - 12 Sep 28, 2015

Representation of short lines < 50kM

Network General

ABB Group - 13 Sep 28, 2015

Representation of long lines 50 - 200 kM

Network General
Actions to reduce voltage drop

Keep service voltage high

Decrease reactive power flow in line by

producing reactive power

Reduce inductive reactance of line

ABB Group - 14 Sep 28, 2015

Install shunt capacitors

Install series capacitor

Network General
Synchronous stability

ABB Group - 15 Sep 28, 2015

Angular change If transferred power during fault is zero

Network General
Synchronous stability : Equal area method

ABB Group - 16 Sep 28, 2015

Angular change If transferred power during fault is not zero

Network General

ABB Group - 17 Sep 28, 2015

Actions to improve stability

More than one conductor per phase

Series capacitor

Short fault clearing time

Single phase autoreclosing

Increase inertia constant in the generator

Network General

ABB Group - 18 Sep 28, 2015

Shunt Reactor

Limits over voltages

Limits transfer of reactive power (Usually thyristor

controlled)

Network General
Neutral reactor

Capacitive coupling between phases help maintain arc

at fault point making I ph auto reclosing difficult

400kV transposed line

400kV un transposed line

ABB Group - 19 Sep 28, 2015

0.5 S dead time up to 180 kM

1 S dead time up to 90 kM

For longer lines necessary to provide reactors on both

ends and neutral reactor

Inductance of neutral reactor ~ 26%

Network General
Capacitive Coupling and Single-pole Tripping
A B C

A B C

Cp

Cp Cp

ABB Group - 20 Sep 28, 2015

Ce

Ce

Ce

Network General
Fixed Four-reactor Scheme
AB C

AB C

R
Lp Lp Lp

ABB Group - 21 Sep 28, 2015

Ln

 ABB Group - 22 Sep 28, 2015

Network General