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AASHTO Section 11
Design
specifications for:
Conventional
gravity/semigravity walls
Non-gravity cantilevered walls
Anchored walls
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE)
walls
Prefabricated modular walls
EV
EH
(Active)
ES
LS
Strength Ia
0.90
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.75
Strength Ib
1.25
1.35
1.50
1.50
1.75
Service I
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Group
Load Definitions
Surcharge Loads
Sliding
Bearing resistance
Eccentricity
Vertical settlement
Lateral wall movement
Overall stability
Sliding Failure
Bearing Failure
Overturning Failure
Deep-Seated
Sliding Failure
1.50 EHsin()
1.50 EHsin()
1.50
EHcos()
1.00 EV
1.00 WAV
1.00 WAV
1.50 EH
0.90 DC
1.35 EV
1.25 DC
1.00 WAH
1.50 EH
1.50
EHcos()
1.00 WAH
Resistance Factors
Bearing Resistance
Passive Resistance
Flexural Resistance
Section 10.5
1.00
0.90
LRFD
Example
Example Geometry
Example Results
Method
Mmax
Embedment
(k-ft)
(ft)
ASD
15.4
12.2
LRFD
29.2
12.2
Section
Modulus
(in3/ft)
9.23 (S)
(elastic)
10.83 (Z)
(plastic)
Anchored Walls
/3 H 1
Hn H2
H1
/3 H
Thn
Th2
/3 Hn+1
Hn+1
Th1
/3 (H-H1)
Th1
H1
/3 H1
R
p
R
TOTALLOAD
K A H
2 H
3
TOTALLOAD
H- 13 H1 13 Hn1
Tn
GUTS
iQi
GUTS
0.90
0.80
Comparison to ASD
Tensile Rupture
ASD
LRFD
Tn
Lb(min)
Qa
Qa d a Lb
Presumptive
Ultimate Bond
Stress, n (ksf)
1.5 to 2.9
1.7 to 7.9
2.3 to 14
5.2 to 20
Silty Sands
-----
3.5 to 8.5
Sandy Gravel
4.4 to 29
5.8 to 29
6.3 to 11
Glacial Till
Resistance Factors
Anchor Pullout
Cohesionless (Granular)
Soils
Cohesive Soils
Rock
Where Proof Tests Preformed
1)
2)
0.65(1)
0.70(1)
0.50(1)
1.00(2)
Comparison to ASD
Anchor Pullout
1.1
LRFD/ASD
1.05
1.0
0.95
Sand (FS = 2.5, = 0.65)
0.9
0.85
0.8
10
15
20
EH
Lb(min)(ASD)
1 FS
LS
EH
1.5
1.75
LS
Lb(min)(LRFD)
MSE Walls
Tmax
HS
v stress at
H = factored
horizontal
soil
reinforcement (ksf)
Sv = vertical spacing of reinforcement
AASHTO 11.10.6.2.1-2
P = load
for EV)
H factorP(=1.35V
r
kr = pressure coefficient
k H
AASHTO 11.10.6.2.1-1
Reinforcement Tensile
Resistance
Tmax Tal R c
AASHTO 11.10.6.4.1-
Geosynthetic
Reinforcement
Strip Reinforcement
Static loading
Combined static/earthquake loading
Grid Reinforcement
Static loading
Combined static/earthquake loading
0.75
1.00
0.65
0.85
Static loading
0.90
Combined static/earthquake loading 1.20
Other Developments
The
End