HEAT TRANSFER

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

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Recap
Heat flows from hot to cold regions (Third

Law)
Ease of movement of electrons in metals the

reason for greater distribution of energy
compared to other substances and explains
the relationship between thermal and
electrical conductivities
Conducting medium necessary for conduction

Basic law of conduction
Temperature gradient leads to energy

transfer
Heat transfer per unit area (heat flux)

proportional to normal temperature
gradient

dQ dT

dA
dx

Proportionality constant

the rate of heat flow in the x direction normal to the surface area.Fourier’s Law of heat conduction  dQ dT  k dA dx For steady state one dimensional heat flow. is directly proportional to the temperature gradient. the area of flow and inversely proportional to the distance. .

Fourier’s Law Key features of the law Not an expression that may be derived from first principle A generalization based on experimental evidence Defines the important material property of thermal conductivity .

One dimensional steady flow  Isothermal surface T x d x 1 x 2 x Q T1 d T T2 Temperature profile .

Assumptions Uniform temperatures over the surface perpendicular to x which is the direction of heat conduction ( isothermal surface) Steady flow ( Temperature does not vary with time) Rate of heat flow constant Consider an element of thickness dx with surfaces at temperature of T and T+dT .

From Fourier’s Law: dT Q   kA dx 1  Qdx 0   T2 T1  kAdt T1  T2 Q  kA x Thermal conductivity of material .

is a function of temperature and from experimental data: ' 0  k  k 1 k T   dT  combining q  kA  and rearrangin g  dx  qdx '  kdT  k 0 1  k T dT  A   .Thermal Conductivity k. though not a function of temperature gradient.

Thermal Conductivity    T1  T2   kdT   T1  T2  k 0  1  k  T1 2   x2 dx  Q x1 A and sin ce k is a linear function of T   T2 k a  T1  T2   q  x2 x1 dx A ' .

Thermal Conductivity  For a nonlinear k the mean value is given by: T2 1 km  kdT  T2  T1 T1 Thermal conductivities of metals are usually very high Non-metallic solids and liquids .

The Solid State Modern view of solids highlights free electrons and atomic lattice structure Thermal energy determined by Lattice vibrations which are additive: k = ke+kl but we know that  ke= 1/ρe electrical resistivity For pure metals with low ρe ke>>kl .

The Solid State Hence contribution of kl to k is negligible For alloys where ρe is large contribution of kl to k is no longer negligible For non-metals. k is determined primarily by kl and depends on the frequency of interaction between atoms of the lattice Chrystalline. well ordered substances such as diamond & quartz have high k values compared with amorphous substances (glass) .

mean molecular speed and mean free path (Average distance travelled by a molecule before a collision) .The fluid state Larger intermolecular spacing and greater random motion lead to lower thermal energy transport Thermal conductivity of gases and liquids more similar than solids Kinetic theory of gases gives a good account of their thermal conductivities Thermal conductivity of gases is directly proportional to the number of particles per unit volume.

Fluids k α ncλ Thermal conductivities of gases increase with increasing temperature and decreasing molecular weight since c increases accordingly Thermal conductivities of gases are independent of pressure since n & λ are directly and indirectly proportional to gas pressure respectively .

 k  Thermal conductivity. K M  Molecular weight   Effective collision diameter. W / mK .0832  T  k   2   M T  Temperatur e.Thermal conductivity Conductivity of alloys less than the pure metals Gases have very low conductivities and for ideal gases k is proportional to mean molecular mean free path and molar For monoatomicvelocity. gases : heat capacity 1/ 2 0.

Liquid metals thermal .Liquid metals Physical mechanisms of the thermal conductivity of liquid metals are still not well understood Liquid metals are commonly used in high heat flux application such as in nuclear power plants.

powder and flake type insulation have solid material finely dispersed in air spaces The nature and volumetric fraction of the solid to void ratio characterizes the thermal conductivity of the insulation .Temperature dependence of conductivity Thermal insulation comprise low conductivity materials which when combined achieve even lower system thermal conductivity Fiber.

Insulation Cellular insulation – hollow spaces or small voids are sealed from each other and formed by fusion or bonding of solid material in a rigid matrix  Foam systems (plastic or glass) Reflective insulation – thin sheets of high reflectivity foil spaced to reflect radiant energy Evacuation of air from voids reduce effective thermal conductivity .

Thermal conductivity of materials @ 0 oC Metals Silver 410 W/mK Copper 385 W/mK Aluminium 202 W/mK Iron 73 W/mK Lead 35 W/mK Chrome-nickel steel (18%Cr.3 W/mK Non-metallic solids Diamond 2300 W/mK Marble 2.038 Ice 2. 8%Ni) 16.94 Glass wool 0.08-2.22 .

0146 .175 0.024 0.147 Freon 12.141 0.Thermal conductivity of materials @ 0 oC Liquids Mercury 8. CCl2F2 0.026 0.073 Gases Hydrogen Helium Air H2Og CO2 0.21 W/mK Water 0.556 Lube oil. SAE 50 0.

0 oC and the other face is kept at 100.0 oC.0 oC .0 W/mK @ 250. How much heat is transferred through the plate? kCu = 370.5 m thick when the inner surface is at 400.0 K and the outside surface is at 300.0 cm thick is maintained at 400.Example One face of a copper plate 3.7 W/mK @ 350. kbrik = 0.0 oC Estimate the heat loss per m2 through a brick wall 0.0 K.

cv (J/kgK) Thermal diffusivity.Thermo physical properties Important ant properties for heat transfer calculations: Kinematic viscosity. cp. ρ (kg/m3) Heat capacity. ν (m2/s) Density. α (m2/s) .

Thermal diffusivity The ability to conduct thermal energy relative to the ability to store it: k   c P Materials with large α respond quickly to changes in their thermal environment Accuracy of engineering calculations depend on the accuracy of determining the thermophysical properties .

Example Use tables to calculate α for the following: Pure Aluminium @ 300K & 700 K Silicon Carbide @ 1000 K Parafin @ 300 K .

0 oC .0 oC with outside air at 28.Steady state conduction Heat flow into & from tank T T Tank wall Boiling H2O refrigera nt Air insulatio n Air x Insulation x Consider a flat walled insulated tank containing a refrigerant at -10.

Steady flow conduction For x distance from the hot side: Q dx   kdT A  x2 x1 T2 Q dx   k  dT T1 A Q  x2  x1   k  T1  T2  A Q T1  T2 T T k k  A x2  x1 B R Thermal resistance .

A. kB & kC for the layers respectively. Temperature Q ∆TA ∆TB RA RB drop ∆TC RC As BA BB BC T x .B & C Let thicknesses be BA.Compound resistance in series Consider a flat wall with three layers. BB & BC and average thermal conductivities be kA.

Compound resistance in series T  TA  TB  TC sin ce Q T k As B BA TA  QA k A As then BB & TB  QB k B As BA BB Bc T  QA  QB  Qc k A As k B As kc As Q T  As  BA BB BC       k A k B kC  Bc Tc  Qc kc As .

Compound resistance in series Q  As B A Q T  As R T T  BC BB R A  RB  RC   kA kB kC .

0 cm of common brick [k=0. What thickness of loosely packed rockwool [k=0.5 cm layer of gypsum plaster [k =0.48 W m-1 o -1 C ].0 %? .065 W m-1 oC-1] insulation should be added to reduce the heat loss (or gain) through the wall by 80.Example An exterior wall of a house consists of a 4.7 W m-1 oC-1] and a 1.

Radial Systems Cylindrical shape (Thick walled tube) Assumptions: T 1 r2 T T2 1 r1 r dr T d T T+d T T2 Internal & external temperatures are constant Area exposed to heat flow proportional to the radius .

Thick walled tube dT dT qr   kA  k 2rl dr dr qr  r2 r1 T2 dr  2lk  dT T1 r   T1  T2   r  2 ln      r1    2lk    T1  T2   r  2 ln      r1    qr  2lk          2lkr  T1  T2  m   r2  r1    .

Thick walled tube r2  r1 rm  r2   ln   r 1   T1  T2 qr  kAm r2  r1 T1  T2 qr  2ra lk r2  r1 .

0 mm layer of silica foam [k=0.0 oC .0 mm OD is insulated with a 50.055 W/moC] and a 40.Example A tube of 60.0 mm layer of cork [k=0.0 oC while the outer surface of the cork is kept at 30. .05 W/moC]. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe given that the temperature at the outer surface of the pipe is 150.

. rotary kilns & spray dryers where conduction takes place through a stationary fluid to a spherical particle or droplet of radius r.Conduction through a spherical shell T2  r1 r2 T1 dr r+d r r dT 2 dT q   kA   k 4r dr dr dr  q r 2  4k  dT  T1  T2  q  4k 1 1 r1  r2 Very important for applications such as heat transfer in fluidized beds .

Spherical shells When T1-T2 is spread over large distances so that r2 = ∞ And T1 is the temperature of the surface of the drop then… qr 1 2 4r  T1  T2  k or hd  Nu  2 k qr where h 2 4r  T1  T2  .