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Penetrant Testing ( PT )
Magnetic Particle Testing ( MPT )
Ultrasonic Testing ( UT )
Radiography Testing ( RT )
Eddy Current Testing ( ECT )
Leak Testing ( LT )
SNT TC 1A
destructive
Recommended
Practice
for
Non-
ASNT
Personnel.
ISNT
Personnel.
LEVEL OF QUALIFICATION
Level I
Level II
Operator
Inspector / Interpretor
Road
Principle
Cracks,
pen to the
Equipment
. Cleaner
- Solvent or Water
TECHNIQUES
(Visible or Fluorescent dye)
I)
Water Washable
PRE-
Properties of Developer
-
Blotting Action
Contrast Background
Properties of Penetrant
-Wetting ability
-Surface Tension
-Capillary
-High fluidity
-Flash point
-Temperature stability
-Visibility
-Volatility
-Corrosive property
i) Sulfur free
- for Austenitic
TESTING OF PENETRANTS
.Chrome Sensitivity Panel
.Aluminum Comparator Block
.Fluorescence Comparison Test
.Visibility
.Drying Test
LIMITATIONS OF DPT
-
SE-1209-91
SE-1219-91
Standard
Testing Method
Penetrant
Examination
removable Process
for Fluorescent
using
Solvent
SE-1220-91
Standard Test Method for visible Penetrant
Examination using solvent removable
PRINCIPLE
Uses Electro-Magnetic Waves of very short
wave lengths (X - rays and Gamma Rays) to
penetrate material
and
the transmitted
energy records the image of discontinuity of
the material on the film.
APPLICATIONS
Used on any material, metal & weld
detect surface of internal detects. Film
provides a permanent record.
LIMITATIONS
potential
safety
to
SOURCE OF RADIATION
i.
Electrically energised equipment. The
rays
are called x-rays.
ii.
Radioactive material. The emitted rays
are
called Gamma Rays.
In x-ray machine the energy level and output can
be varied.
In Gamma Equipment
the energy level is
constant for a particular type of source and
output is constant for and individual source.
Higher
enetrating
the
energy
power.
level,
greater
is
the
Half life
Iridium 192
74 days
Thulium 170
128 days
Cobalt 60
5.3 yrs.
Cesium 137
33 yrs
SENSITIVITY
It is a measure of the ability to detect the
smallest dimension of discontinuity in the
radiograph.
Sensitivity is a function of "Definition" and
"Contrast".
DEFINITION DEPENDS ON
i.
ii.
Geometric Un-Sharpness
(Penumbra Effect)
Film Grain Size
CONTRAST DEPENDS ON
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Energy Level
Inherent Contrast of Film
Fog Level of Film
Scatter Radiation.
DENSITY
It is a measure of degree of darkness of film.
It is expressed in 10 Base Log Scale.
DENSITY LIMITS
x-rays
Gamma Rays
1.8 to 4.0
2.0 to 4.0
ROENTGEN
It is the amount of ionising radiation which
would produce one Electro static unit of
charge in a cubic centimetre of air at
standard temperature (00c) and pressure
(760mm Hg)
CURIE
It is a measure of radioactivity or strength
of source. It is defined as 3.7 x 1010 Disintegrations per second.
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
1.
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
Ug =
fxt
d
where,
f =
radiation
t = Thickness of object.
D =
Distance between source of
radiation
and the object.
0.070"
PENETRAMETER
WIRE TYPE
I)
II)
2.
ASTM STANDARD
DIN STANDARD
HOLE TYPE
INDUSTRIAL FILMS
I)
II)
III)
0.030"
0.040"
1.
Maximum Ug
SLOW
SPEED
MEDIUM
SPEED
HIGH SPEED
RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS
ASME - SECTION - V (ARTICLE - 22)
SE 94
Standard Practice for Radiographic Testing.
SE 186
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy
Walled (2" to 4 1/2") Steel Castings.
SE 280
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy
Walled (4 1/2" to 12") Steel Castings.
SE - 446
Standard Reference Radiographs
Castings up to 2" Thickness
for
Steel
SE 747
Standard Method of Controlling Quality of
Radiographic Testing using wire penetrameter.
SE - 1025
Standard Practice for Hole Type image quality
indicators used for Radiography.
SE 1079
Standard
Transmission
Practice
for
calibration
for
N
S
Random orientation
of molecules
n- Magnetized )
Aligned molecules
( Magnetized)
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL
.Diamagnetic
e.g.
.Paramagnetic
Accept
magnetism
wood, Pt , Sullphate
.Ferromagnetism
strongly
Can
only
slight
e.g. Al, Cu,
be
magnetized
MAGNETIC PARTICLE
INSPECTION
PRINCIPLE
Uses electrical current or permanent
magnet to create a magnetic field in a
specimen,and flux leakage occurred at
discontinuity.
Magnetic
particles
cumulate on flux leakage and indicate the
discontinuity.
APPLICATIONS
Used on metal which can be magnetised
(Ferromagnetic) to detect surface or
sub-surface discontinuities.
Simple to
use and portable for field testing.
LIMITATIONS
be
DIRECT INDUCTION
i.
material.
ii.
PROD MAGNETIZATION
Where size and location does not permit
to use Head Shot or Central Conductor
method.
2. INDIRECT INDUCTION
By placing a current carrying conductor into
this specimen.
B. LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
1. COIL OR SOLENOID METHOD
When the length of specimen is several
times
its diameter or cross section - this
method is
used by
placing it length
wise in the field.
2.
YOKE TYPE
It is a horse shoe magnet made by
electrically energising it or by the
YOKE TECHNIQUE
i.
ii.
iii.
MPT METHODS
1.
2.
Visible
Fluorescent
Dry
Wet
CHECKING OF YOKE
LIFTING POWER
i.
DC Type & Permanent
- 40 Lbs.
( At Max. Pole Spacing )
Min.Weight
ii. AC type
- 10 Lbs.
(At Max. Pole Spacing )
Min.Weight
1 in.
Artificial flaw
(All segment interfaces)
1/ 32 in. max.
Brazed weld or mechanically attach
Non-ferrous trunnions
Copper Plate
0.010 in. 0.010 in. thick
1/ 8 in.
est
PRINCIPLE
Uses ultrasound wave to penetrate material,
indicating discontinuities
on Oscilloscope
Screen.
APPLICATIONS
Used on metals, ceramics,
plastics, etc. to
detect surface and internal discontinuities. When
automated, indications are recorded on paper,
it provides a permanent record. Also used for
measuring thickness.
LIMITATIONS
Moderately high initial cost. Interpretation of
results requires highly trained personnel.
2.
3.
SURFACE WAVE
4.
2.
different
acoustic media.
3. .Attenuate while passing through a media.
4. The extent of attenuation depends on
-
5.
&
TECHNIQUES
1. Contact Testing
2. Immersion testing
DATA PRESENTATION
1. `A' SCAN METHOD
This method is commonly known as Pulse
Echo
Method. Time versus Amplitude
display shown on Cathode Ray Tube.
2. `B' SCAN METHOD
This method displays cross sectional
view.
3. `C' SCAN METHOD
This method displays plan view and
comparable
to radiographic image.
Method.
METHODS
.PULSE-ECHO
.THROUGH TRANSMISSION
.RESONANCE
TYPES OF PROBES
I.
PROBE.
II.
III.
"DAC" CURVE
Same size of defect or reference reflector at
different distance/depth give's different
signal amplitude because of attenuation of
ultrasonic beam in medium. As such defect
Amplitude correction Curve has to be drawn
as shown in fig.
T/2
T/2
SDH 2.4 mm
ULTRASONIC STANDARD
SA - 388
Recommended practice for Ultrasonic testing and
inspection of heavy steel forging.
SA - 435
Standard specification for straight beam ultrasonic
examination of steel plates.
SA - 577
Standard specification of ultrasonic angle beam
examination of steel plates.
SA - 578
Standards
specification
for
straight
beam
ultrasonic
examination
of plain and clad steel
plates of special application.
SA - 609
Standard specification for longitudinal ultrasonic
inspection of carbon and low alloy steel casting.
SA - 745
Standard practice for Ultrasonic
austenitic steel forging.
examination
of
SE - 213
Standard practice for ultrasonic inspection of metal
pipes and tubes.
SE - 797
Standard practice for thickness measurement by
manual contact ultrasonic method.