CHAPTER 2

DOING BEING APPLIED

LINGUISTS ; THE
IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIENCE

1.

Individual Experience

2.

Institutional
Linguistics

3.

Seven case studies

4.

Development and Research

in Applied Linguistics

Applied

1. INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE
Individual

experience as references aims to

collect the data of real problems in field
specifically.

Alan

Davies say I observed that the African

students I was teaching were weak in reading
techniques (as I later came to call them); they
could not summarize, they could not
understand moderately difficult texts; they
could not write coherently; and above all they
lacked awareness of the cultural background
on which much of their reading depended

2. INSTITUTIONAL APPLIED
LINGUISTIC
Applied

Linguistics defines itself

by actions rather than by
definitions

Institutional

Applied Linguistic
includes the wide scope of the
problems in many specific
purposes (examples: Language
and Migration, Language in
Media, etc.)

3. SEVEN CASE STUDIES

Seven

case studies so as to provide

an illustration of the range of
activities that applied linguists are
involved in

They

will serve as an indication of

the extent to which we think of
applied linguistics as a coherent
discipline rather than as a collection
of unconnected language projects

3.1 Language-programme
evaluation
Jacob

Tharu and Alan Davies did an

evaluation study of four projects in
South India

ELT

( English Language Teaching)

Purpose

: to determine what
success such a project using shortterm consultancies had had and to
consider wheter a model could be
applied in other developmenat
situation

They

decided, there 4 criteria

for determining success of a
project:

Product
Teacher development
Sustainability
Extendibility

3.2 Literacy acquisition

Multilingual

population in school.

The

role of L1 and L2 of literacy

acquisition.

The

contribution of applied
linguistics to study of schooled
literacy in a second languages is
to demystify the role of the first
language
and
to
examine
carefully what influence it has,
motivationally, cognitively, and

3.3 Pedagogical grammar

It

can be defined as grammatical

description of language that is
used for pedagogical aspects
Teaching language
Syllabus design
Teaching material

pedagogical grammar and an

analytical grammar

3.4 Workplace communication

Workplace

is the major setting for

necessary communication

The

communication used for some

workplaces are different based on the
workplace discourse.

Applied

Linguists have a dual purpose:

To extend knowledge of language
genre
To provide advice for administrator
how to minimize miscommunication.

3.5 Language and identity

Language

and identity cannot be

seperated.
As

Josepsh says that language, in

the sense of what particular person
says or writes, shows individual
identity.

It

inscribe the person within

national
and
other
corporate
identities, including establising the
persons rank within the identity.

3.6 Assessing English as a lingua

franca
English

has taken on the role of

world language.

Barbara

claims that English that

is used as world language is not
English but English as lingua
franca (EFL)

3.7 Critical pedagogy

Critical

pedagogy is a project in
itself which occupies space for
both teachers and students of
applied
linguistics
in
their
studying and research.

Critical

pedagogy and more

generally
critical
applied
linguistics, represents a kind of
postmodern version of critical
discourse analysis.

4. DEVELOPMENT AND
RESEARCH
IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS
Language

Assessment

Language

Planning

Language

Teaching Curriculum

Second-Language

Acquisition

CHAPTER 3
LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE
PRACTICE

INTRODUCTION
Language

in Situation
Language and Gender
Clinical Linguistics

Language in Situation
In

particular the political

The religious
The social class
The level of education
The influence of the media

Language and Gender

High-rise

intonation
Leading change
Different language
Use of standard
Politeness
Boys and girls
Language in gender
Sexism
The linguist and the applied linguist

Clinical Linguistics
goal of clinical linguistics is to formulate
hypotheses for the remediation of abnormal
linguistic behaviour, ... clinical linguistics can
help clinicians to make an informed judgment
about what to teach next and to monitor the
outcome of an intervention, hypothesis, as
Language
impairment
treatment proceeds
Crystal (2001:679)
Kinds

of Impairment
Linguistic analysis
The language problem

The crucial difference?

Theoretical argument
Combined approach
Individual and social los

Language

impairment

Language impairment means the absence of

some part of the language faculty. Impairment
can occur at any age

Kinds

of Impairment

Among
young
children
the
common
impairments concern physical disabilities (such
as cleft palate, stammering). There are also
special conditions such as dyslexia and
dysarthyria. Disabilities such as blindness,
deafness.
accidents, ilness( e.g stroke) and
aphasia. And usually the very elderly may
experience is loss through gradual attrition of the
components of their language repertoire

Linguistic

analysis

The specialist need to have identified exactly

what the nature of the disability is. This
requires an analysis of those areas of
language that are particularly affected -whether structural ( in phonetics, phonology,
grammar, lexicon, discourse ) or functional
(language in use)
(Crystal 1995:434).

The

language problem

The problem appears to be that there are in

society individuals who are linguistically (or
communicatively) impaired

The

crucial difference?

For individual linguists themselves take

up different positions in their professional
work along the line

Theoretical

argument

There are two areas of theoretical

argument which are important to clinical
linguistics;
The linguistic theory on which the
analysis of language, to which Crystal
refers above (structural and functional),
is based.
Type of theoretical interest is that of the
study of aphasia

Combined

approach

Purpose in assembling the papers for

this issue was to link the fields of speech
language pathology and language
testing making such linkage is at the
heart of applied linguistics

Individual

and social loss

This may happen through in-migration

(e.g. Celtic language speakers,
Australian aborigines, American Indians)
or by out-migration (e.g. Singaporean
Chinese, Guyanan Indians).