Analisis Isyarat dan Sistem

Intan Sari Areni

intan@unhas.ac.id
intan_sariareni@yahoo.com
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Materi Kuliah

Sinyal dan sistem

Deret Fourier dari sinyal periodik
Transformasi Fourier waktu kontinu
Transformasi Fourier waktu diskrit
Karakteristik waktu dan frekuensi, sampling,
sistem komunikasi
Transformasi Laplace
Transformasi Z
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Referensi
Signal & Systems, second edition by Alan V.
Oppenheim, publisher Prentice-Hall
Signal & Systems, Schaums Outline by Hwei
P. Hsu, Ph.D., publisher The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc

Sinyal dan Sistem

Sinyal / Isyarat
?
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1. Definisi Sinyal
A signal is a function representing a physical quantity
or variable, and typically it contains information
about the behavior or nature of the phenomenon
Signal: any physical quantity that varies with
independent variables (time, space, or any other
independent variable)
y(t) = 5t2 ;
S(x,y) = 3x+4xy+6x2
N

A (t ) sin(2f (t ) (t ))
i

i 1

Amplitude

Frequency

Phase
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Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit

R

vs

+
-

vs (t ) vc (t )
R
dv (t )
i (t ) C c
dt
dvc (t ) 1
1

vc (t )
vs (t )
dt
RC
RC
i (t )

vc

The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

vs, vc

Step (signal) vs at t=1

RC = 1
First order (exponential)
response for vc
t

Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the
current as signals

Signal
The Speech Signal

The ECG Signal

Signal
The image

Signal
The image

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2. Klasifikasi Sinyal
2.1 Continuous-Time versus Discrete-Time Signals:
Continuous-Time or analog signal are defined for every value of time.
x1 (t ) cos t

x2 (t ) e

are examples of
analog signals

Analog Signal

x(t)

Continuous in time.
Amplitude may take on any value in
the continuous range of (-, ).

Analog Processing
Differentiation, Integration, Filtering,
Amplification.
Implemented via passive or active
electronic circuitry.
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2. Klasifikasi Sinyal
Discrete-Time signals are defined only at certain specific value
of time.
Continuous Amplitude.
Only defined for certain time instances.
Can be obtained from analog signals via sampling.
x(n)

The function provide an

example of a discretetime signal.

Defined

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Undefined
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2. Klasifikasi Sinyal
2.2 Analog and Digital Signals:

2. Klasifikasi Sinyal
2.3 Real and Complex Signals:

A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number,

A signal x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a complex
number.
x ( t ) = x1( t ) + j x2( t )
where x1(t) and x2(t) are real signals and j

2. Klasifikasi Sinyal
2.4 Deterministic and Random Signals:

Deterministic signals: completely specified

functions of time. Predictable, no uncertainty,
e.g. , x(t ) A cos(0t ) with A and 0are fixed.
Random signals (stochastic signals): take on
random values at any given time instant and
characterized by pdf (probability density
function). Not completely predictable, with
uncertainty, e.g. x(n) = dice value at the n-th
toss.

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(a) Deterministic signal

(b) Random signal

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3. Basic Signals
Unit Step Function
Unit Impulse Function
Real Exponential Signals
Complex Exponential Signals