ELEMENTS OF STEEL

STRUCTURE
Aniendhita Rizki Amalia, ST. MT.

ELEMENT OF STEEL STRUCTURE

Mechanical properties of steel material and LRFD

Tension Member

Compression Member

Beam member

Beam column

Connection Bolt

Connection Weld

Time periode : 18 weeks

MID

Books and Code

Struktur Baja I Marwan, Isdarmanu, Soewardojo

Structural Steel Design Jack C Mc. Cormac

Structural Steel Design and Behavior Salmon & Johnson

SNI 03-1729-2002

PPIUG 1983 atau R/SNI 03-1727-xx / ASCE 7-05

Tabel Profil Morrisco, Tabel profil khusus, Tabel profil pasaran, Tabel baut
Harus punya dan selalu
dibawa saat kuliah !

Introduction
Steel Structures Design and Behavior
Charles G. Salmon & John E. Johnson

Structural Design

Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science, combining

the experienced engineers intuitive feeling for the behavior of the structure
with a sound knowledge of the principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics of
materials and structural analysis, to produce a safe economical structure.

Principles of Design

Certain criteria that must be established to evaluate whether or not an

optimum has been achieved, typical criteria may be :

1.

Minimum cost

2.

Minimum weight

3.

Minimum construction time

4.

Minimum labor

5.

Minimum cost of manufacture of owners product

6.

Maximum efficiency of operation to owner

Design Procedure
Functional design

1.

Adequate working areas and clearances

2.

Proper ventilation and/or air conditioning

3.

Adequate transporation facilities, such as elevators, stairways and

cranes or material handling equipment

4.

Adequate lighting

5.

Aesthetics

Structural Framework Design

1.

Selection of the arrangement and sizes of structural element so that

service loads may be safely carried, and displacement are within
acceptable limits.

Design Procedure
General
Planning
Preliminary Structural
Configuration
Loading
Preliminary member
selection
Analysis

OK

Final Design

NOT
OK

Chapter I - Overview
Steel Structures Design Jack Mc Cormac
Struktur Baja I Marwan, Isdarmanu, Soewardojo

Steel as Construction Material

BRIDGE Blue Water Bridge (St. Claire US Canada)

http://www.midweststeel.com/projects/steel-bridge-structural-steel-contractor.html

ELECTRICAL TRANMISSION TOWER PLN PURBALINGGA

http://id.geoview.info/gardu_induk_pln_purbalingga,49441610p

Communication Tower
http://nangkenne.blogspot.com/2013/02/ciri-ciri-bts-indosat-telkomsel-dan-xl.html
http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/10/08/092612849/Desember-Telkomsel-Operasikan-Jaringan-4G

OFFICE - China
http://www.havitsteelstructure.com/steel-structure-office-buildings.html

WAREHOUSE
http://www.tanuwedsmanu.com/manfaat-menggunakan-baja-untuk-bangunan-gudang/

HOUSE - China
http://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/9606496/Light_steel_house.html

Rail Coal Crusher

Dokumen pribadi

Roller Coaster The Swarn - Britains Thorpe Park

http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-new-british-roller-coaster-is-so-extreme-that-test-dummies-returned-from-apractice-run-without-limbs-2012-2

Foundation pile
http://www.aeyates.co.uk/spi-appleton-ltd/services/steel-piling

STEEL RETAINING WALL

http://www.aeyates.co.uk/spi-appleton-ltd/harbours-and-waterways-projects/rnli-berth-retaining-wall-hartlepool

Advantages of steel as structural material

1.

High Strength : The high strength of steel per unit weight

means that structure weights will be small.

2.

Uniformity : The property of steel do not change

appreciably with times.

3.

Elasticity : Steel behave closer to design assumption than

most material because it follows Hookes law

4.

Permanence : Steel frame that are properly maintained will

last indefinitely.

5.

Ductility : The property of a material by which it can

withstand extensive deformation without failure under high
tensile stresses is said to be its ductility.

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Advantages of steel as structural material

5.

Fracture Toughness : the ability of steel absorb energy

in large amounts.

6.

Addition to Existing Structure: steel structure are quite

well suited to having additions made to them

7.

Speed of erection

8.

Ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and

shapes

9.

Possible reuse after a structure is dissambled

10.

Scrap value even though not reusable in its existing

form

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Disadvantages of steel as structural material

1.

Maintenance cost : Most steels are susceptible to

corrosion when freely exposed to air and water then must
therefore to be periodically painted.

2.

Fireproofing cost : Although structural members are

incombustible, their strength is tremendously reduced at
temperature commonly reached in fires.

3.

Susceptibility to Buckling: The longer and slenderer the

compression members, the greater and danger of buckling

4.

Fatigue: when the tension is involved under a large

number variation of cycle tensile stress

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Objectives of the Structural Designer

As a structural designer we learn to control and to
balance every part of structure and make them easy
and fast to assemble, strength enough and cheap
To get

the objectives, we need to be supported with

knowledges about:

1.

Fabrication level

2.

Standar shapes and dimension of steel frame

3.

Transportation ability

4.

Erection ability

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Safety Factor : Why do we need it?

Deviation

from material strength that were calculated.

Deviation will be greater if there are influence from:
creep, corrosion and yielding.

Deviation

from assumption in calculation

Unpredictable

load

Fabrication

and assemble process that cause high : bent,

hammered, sheared, punched, welded

Live

load assumption based on technology development

Assumption
Variation

of live load and dead load

shapes or dimension of frame

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Safety Factor : What to look forward?

Type of load: fix or temporary load.

Building function: Public or personal use.

Function an element as a primary or secondary structure.

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Construction Failures

Construction failures usually happen because of less of

attention in : connection detail, deflection, foundation and
its deformation.

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Stress - Strain Relationship

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Steel Material Properties

Mechanical properties of structural steel:
Elastic Modulus

: E = 200.000 MPa

Shear Modulus

: G = 80.000 MPa

Poisson Ratio

: = 0,3
Jenis Baja

Tegangan putus
minimum, fu
(MPa)

Tegangan leleh
minimum, fu
(MPa)

Peregangan
minimum (%)

BJ 34

340

210

22

BJ 37

370

240

20

BJ 41

410

250

18

BJ 50

500

290

16

BJ 55

550

410

13

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Steel Material Properties

ASTM CODE
A36
A529
A441
A572
A242
A588
A852
A514
A53
A500
A992

BAB I - OVERVIEW
A913

Fy

Fu

SPESIFICATION AND CODE

The important thing to remember about spesifications, therefore, is that they

are not written for the purpose of restricting engineers but for the purpose of
protecting the public.

Example of specification: ASTM, JIS, SNI

Example of code: AISC, ASCE, UBC, SNI

LOAD

Dead Load : loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.

Live Load : loads that may change in position and magnitude.

1.

Area loads (due to people or machine)

2.

Snow /Ice

3.

Rain

4.

Traffic

5.

Impact load

6.

Lateral load : Wind & Earth quake

7.

Longitudinal loads: brakes load

8.

Other life loads: soil pressures, static pressures, uplift pressures, blast loads,
thermal forces

LOAD COMBINATION
Ultimate Load Combination

Service Load Combination

Strength

Sesuaikan dengan SNI yang ada, pada SNI 03-1729-2002 (Baja) ada pada pasal
6.2.2

1 Dead Load + 1 Live Load

Dimana lendutannya dibatasi sesuai dengan pasal 6.4.3

Deflection

Calculation Method Elastic Method

(ASD Allowable Stress Design)

(WSD Working Stress Design)

Due to allowable working load that is designed, working

stress have to be less than allowable stress.

y

SF

BAB I - OVERVIEW

SF (Safety Factor) = 1,50

Calculation Method Plastic Method (Collapse Design)

Formed by : Ductile behavior of steel means that there are

reserve strength over the elastic strength .

Design working load will be multiplied by load factor and will

be designed based on collapse strength.

BAB I - OVERVIEW

Calculation Method LRFD (Load And Resistance Factor Design)

Ultimate load (load x load factor) have to be less or equal

than ultimate strength structure.

Based on Limit State Condition.

i Qi Rn

BAB I - OVERVIEW