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Political Science
Political Theory
It refers to the entire body of
doctrines relating to the origin,
form, behaviour, and purposes
of the state are dealt with the
study of political theory.
In governments today,
legislative bodies have been
forced to delegate greater
discretion to executive officers
responsible for the conduct of
government policies and powers.
Thus we find many administrative
agencies exercising quasilegislative and quasi-judicial
powers.
Interrelationship of Political
Science with other branches of
learning:
1.History
History is past politics and
politics is present history.
2. Economics
Refers to the study of
production, distribution, and
conservation, and consumption
of wealth.
3. Geography Geopolitics
It is concerned with the study of
the influences of physical factors
such as population pressures,
sources of raw materials,
geography, etc. Upon domestic
and foreign politics.
5. Psychology
It promotes studies of the
mental and emotional processes
motivating the political behavior of
individuals and groups. Particular
topics under this are: public
opinion, pressure groups, and
propaganda.
6. Philosophy
The concepts and doctrines of
Plato, Aristotle & Locke are
important to the specialist in
academic philosophy and also
to the political scientist.
8. Jurisprudence
This branch of public law is
concerned with the analysis of
existing legal systems & also
with the ethical, historical,
sociological, & psychological
foundations of law.
Concepts of State
Meaning of the State
State is a community of persons
more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of their
own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and
enjoying freedom from external
control.
Elements of State:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
5. Recognition(new)
1. People
This refers to the mass of population
living within the state. There is no
requirement as to the number of people
that should compose a state. But it
should be neither too small nor too large:
small enough to be well-governed and
large enough to be self-sufficing.
The smallest state is Vatican. China has
the largest population.
2. Territory
Components of Territory:
1. Terrestrial/land mass
2. Aerial
3. Fluvial
4. Maritime Domain
4. Sovereignty
It is the supreme power of the
state to command and enforce
obedience to its will from
people within its jurisdiction,
and to have freedom from
foreign control.
CharacteristicsofSovereignty
1. Permanence;
2. Exclusivity;
3. Comprehensiveness;
4. Absoluteness;
5. Individuality;
6. Inalienability; and
7. Imprescritibility
Governance
1. manner of government: the system or
manner of government;
2. state of governing a place: the act or
state of governing a place;
3. authority: control or authority
ADMINISTRATION
GOVERNMENT
Forms of Government:
The principal forms are the
following:
1.As to number of persons
exercising sovereign powers;
2. As to extent of powers
exercised by the central or
national government;
3. As to relationship between the
executive and the legislative
branches of the government;
4.Astosourceofpoweror
authority:
1. As to number of persons
exercising sovereign powers:
A. Government by one
A1) Monarchy or one in which
the supreme and final authority
2. demanding political
obedience: belonging to or
believing in a political system in
which obedience to the ruling
person or group is strongly
enforced.
B. Government by few
B1 Aristocracy or one in which
political power is exercised by few
privileged class.
1. people of highest social class:
people of noble families or the
highest social class
B2 Oligarchy
1. small governing group: a
small group of people who
together govern a nation or
control an organization, often for
their own purposes;
C. Government by many
C1 Democracy or one in which
political power is exercised by
the majority of the people. It is
further classified into:
2. As to extent of powers
exercised by the central or
national government:
A. Unitary government or
one in which the control of
national and local affairs is
exercised by the national
government;
In
B. Presidential government or
one in which the state makes
the executive independent from
the legislative.
In presidential
governments, such as in the
U.S., the executive is
independent of the legislature,
although many of the
executive's actions are subject
to legislative review.
4. As to source of power or
authority:
A. De facto is one not so
constituted or founded with the
existing constitution but has the
general support of the people and
has effective control of the territory
over which it exercises its powers.
Checks and
Balances, the doctrine and prac
tice of dispersing political power
and creating mutual
accountability among political
entities such as the courts, the
president or prime minister, the
legislature, and the citizens.
Separation of
Powers, the doctrine and practi
ce of dividing the powers of a
government among different
branches to guard against
abuse of authority.
A government of separated
powers assigns different political
and legal powers to the
legislative, executive, and
judicial branches. The
legislative branch has the
power to make laws.
A government of separated
powers is less likely to be
tyrannical and more likely to
follow the rule of law: the
principle that government action
must be constrained by laws.
POLITICALIDEOLOGIES
In international politics,
liberals have opposed the
domination of foreign policy by
militarists and military
considerations and the
exploitation of native colonial
people, and they have sought to
substitute a cosmopolitan policy
of international cooperation.
In modern democracies,
supreme authority is exercised
for the most part by
representatives elected by
popular suffrage.
As a political movement,
communism sought to
overthrow capitalism through a
workers revolution and
establish a system in which
property is owned by the
community as a whole rather
than by individuals.
In practice, communist
regimes have taken the form of
coercive, authoritarian
governments that cared little for
the plight of the working class and
sought above all else to preserve
their own hold on power.
POLITICAL THINKERS
I. Ancient Political Thinkers:
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
1.Socrates
2.Plato
3.Aristotle
THOMASHOBBES
Hobbesheldthatsincepeople
arefearfulandpredatorythey
mustsubmittotheabsolute
supremacyofthestate,inboth
secularandreligiousmatters,in
order to live by reason and gain
lasting preservation.
Karlmarx
AdamSmith
JeanJacquesRousseau
CONSTITUTION
It is a system of fundamental
laws or principles for the
government of nation, society,
corporation or other aggregation
of individuals and it may be
either written or unwritten.
BASIC PURPOSES OF
CONSTITUTION:
1. Prescribes the permanent
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
CONSTITUTION:
1. As to form:
2. As to origin
a. Cumulative or evolved one
where it has its origin mainly on
customs, common law principles,
and decisions of courts. It is the
product of historical evolution and
growth rather than of deliberate and
formal enactment.
b. Convention or enactment
one that is the product of
deliberate assembly and
consciously adopted formally.
3. As to modality of amendment
a. Rigid one that cannot be
amended except by the very
procedure spelled out in that
Charter itself which is rigid.
ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN
CONSTITUTION:
1. It is frequently the only possible starting
point for the foundation and growth of
civil institutions and often forms the first
available means to give civil dignity and
political consciousness to the people, as
well as the beginning of a distinct
delineation of power.
DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN
CONSTITUTION:
1. It establishes iron-clad rules
which are difficult to change
even if found inconvenient or
oppressive.
2. It is often construed on
technical principles rather than
in the light of great principles.
3. It is likely to invade the
domains of ordinary legislation
3. Constitution of Sovereignty
That part of the Constitution
where it spells out the authority
of the people as the repository
of sovereignty to approve or
change a Constitution.
Requisites of a good
Constitution:
1. It must be broad
It must outline an
organization of the government
for the whole State.
2. It must be brief
It is a document that should not
be too detailed in form.
3. It must be definite
Clarity and definiteness are
indispensable ingredients of a
Constitution.
CONSTITUTION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES
1. The Malolos Constitution
2. The 1935 Constitution
3. The 1973 Constitution
Article XVII
AMENDMENTS OR
REVISION
Amendmentisachange
effectedinsomepartsofthe
Constitutionwithout
consideringthewhole
document.
Revision is a rewriting or
substantial changing in the
Constitution viewed in it
entirety.
Importance of amending
procedure:
No Constitution, however gifted
its framers, is likely to prove
adequate for an indefinite period.
There are problems that no
human foresight can anticipate.
Methods by which
amendment/revision may be
proposed:
Sec. 1&2 prescribe three (3)
methods for proposing ant
amendment to, or revision of the
Constitution, namely:
1. By Congress, as a constituent
Constitutional Convention is a
body assembled for the
expressed purpose of framing
the constitution, or revising the
existing Constitution, or
formulating amendments to it for
the approval of the electorate.
Ratificationmeansthedirect
approvalbythepeopleofthe
amendmentto,orrevisionof
theconstitution.Itisthefinal
acttomakeanychangeinthe
constitutionvalidaspart
thereof.
1987 CONSTITUTION
Preamble
Q. Is preamble an integral part of
the Constitution? What is the
purpose of Preamble? Is it a
source of substantive power?
Answer:
The Preamble is not an integral
part of the Constitution. It merely
serves to give an introductory
statement and convey to the
reader the principal objectives
sought to be accomplished by
the Constitution in broad-terms.
Differencebetween1935&1987Constitution
esp.InPreamble
Answer:
The phrase The Filipino
people as used in the 1935
Constitution creates the first
impression that the Filipinos were
allowed to adopt a Constitution of
their own only upon permission of
a foreign master.
ArticleINationalTerritory
Answer:
The conventional modes of
acquiring territory are:
1. Discovery it is the oldest mode
of acquiring territory.
3. Accretion it is a process
where the land area of a State
caused by the operation of
either the forces of nature, or
artificially, through human labor,
is increased.
SABAH
SpratlyISLANDS
thePhilippineislandof
Palawan.
A republic is a representative
democracy. And the essence of
republicanism is popular
representation and ultimate
control by the people.
Representative government
wherein the powers and
duties of sovereignty and are
exercised and discharged for
the common for the common
good and general welfare.
CharacteristicsofRepublicanState
are:
1.TheExistenceofaBillofrights
(Art.
III);
2.Theobservanceoftheruleoflaw;isa
governmentoflawandnotofmen,