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MEC551
THERMAL
THERMAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
1.0 Introduction
Aman
Aman Mohd
Mohd Ihsan
Ihsan
03-55436268
03-55436268
T1-A16-4C
T1-A16-4C
COURSE INFO
Code
: MEC551
Course
: THERMAL ENGINEERING
Contact Hrs : 3 (L) & 1 (T) / weeks
Course Status : Core
Course Outcomes
Upon Completion of this course, students
should be able to :
CO1 Describe the principles of heat transfer
mechanisms, combustion, refrigeration and air
conditioning systems [PO1, LO1]{C2}.
CO2 Establish relationship between theoretical and
practical aspects of heat transfer application
[PO1, LO1]{C3}.
CO3 Analyse principles of energy mechanisms to
solve a wide range of thermal engineering
problems [PO3, LO3, SS1]{C4, P4}.
Assessment
Coursework
40%
Test 1
Test 2
Assignments
Final Exam
15%
15%
10%
60%
5
Course Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Conduction
Convection
Heat Exchangers
Combustion
Refrigeration Cycles
Air-conditoning Processes
TEST 1 (~ Week 6-7)
TEST 2 (~ Week 11-12)
3 hrs
7 hrs
6 hrs
6 hrs
6 hrs
7 hrs
7 hrs.
Text book
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Fundamental mechanism of Heat Transfer:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
1.2 Ozone Depleting Substances and Global
Warming Issues.
1.3 Renewable Energy Resources and
Technologies - Sustainable Energy
Management.
Introductory Definitions
Heat
Form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of a
temperature difference.
Heat Transfer
Science that deals with the determination
of rates of energy transfer.
Heat Transfer
Deals with systems that lack thermal
equilibrium (e.g. non-equilibrium
phenomenon).
11
Foundational Laws
However, the laws of thermodynamics
lay out the framework for studying heat
transfer.
1st Law Energy Equation
Rate of energy transfer into a system equal
the rate of increase of energy in the
system
2nd Law
Heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
12
COLD
13
14
Conduction
Transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance
to an adjacent substance with
less energetic particles, ones as a
result of interactions between the
particles
15
Conduction
Conduction can take place in
solids, liquids, or gases
In gases and liquids
conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their
random motion.
In solids conduction is due to
the combination of vibrations
of the molecules in a lattice
and the energy transport by
free electrons
16
Conduction Equation
(Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction)
Y
Area (Ax)
Temperature
profile
T1
Qx
T
T2
Q cond
T1 T2
k A
x
x1
x2
x
k Area Temperatur e Difference
Thickness
17
dT
Q&cond kA
dx
(W)
Conduction Equation
(Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction)
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction (1822) is:
dT
Q x kA
dx
Watts
dx
m
W
~ Thermal conductivity of the material
m C
19
Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity (k) of a material is
defined as the rate of heat transfer through a
unit thickness of a material per unit area per
unit temperature difference.
High value for thermal conductivity - good
heat conductor
Low value - poor heat conductor or insulator.
Symbol: k
Units: W/(mC)
20
Thermal conductivity
21
Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivities
of materials vary with
temperature.
The temperature
dependence of thermal
conductivity causes
considerable complexity in
conduction analysis.
A material is normally
assumed to be isotropic.
22
Conduction
(Example 1.1)
The inside and outside of the
surface of a window glass are at
20C and -5C respectively. If the
glass is 100 cm x 50 cm in size
and 1.5 cm thick, with a thermal
conductivity of 0.78 W/(mC).
20C
-5C
100 cm
x
50 cm
Conduction
(Example 1.1)
T1 = 20 C
T2 = -5 C
A=
k=
dx=
T1 T2
Q k A
x
0.78
W
m C
20C
-5C
100 cm
x
50 cm
20 C 5 C
0.5 m
650 W
0.015 m
1.5 cm
24
Convection
Is the mode of energy
transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in
motion.
Convection involves the
combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.
25
Convection
Convection is commonly
classified into three submodes:
Forced convection,
Natural (or free)
convection,
Change of phase
(liquid/vapor, solid/liquid,
etc.)
26
Convection Equation
(Newtons Law of Cooling)
Newtons Law of Cooling (1701) is:
T
x
Heated Surface
~ Watts
(W)
27
Convection Equation
(Newtons Law of Cooling)
~ Watts
W
h ~ Convection coefficient 2
m C
A ~ Surface area m 2
Twall ~ Wall surface temperature C
28
30
Convection
(Example 1.2)
Atmospheric air at a
temperature of 10C flows
with a velocity 5 m/s
across a tube with an
outer diameter (OD) of 1
cm and a length of 5 cm.
The surface is maintained
at 110C.
Determine the rate of heat
flow from the tube surface
to atmospheric air if h is
85 W/(m2C).
AIR
T=10C
V = 5 m/s
h = 85 W/(m2C)
1 cm
5m
Tw=110C
31
Convection
(Example 1.2)
Surface Area: A D L
0.01 m 5 m 0.157 m 2
Q
q h Tw T
A
85 m 2WC 110 C 10 C 8,500
Q q A 8,500
W
m2
W
m2
0.157 m 1,335 W
2
32
Radiation
Unlike conduction or
convection, the transfer of
energy by radiation does
not require the presence
of an intervening medium.
Energy transfer by
radiation is the fastest
(speed of light) and
suffers no attenuation in a
vacuum.
33
34
35
(3.9x10-7 to 7.8x10-7 m)
36
Radiation Equation
emissions- (Stefan-Boltzmann Equation)
Stefan-Boltzmann Equation:
Q rad A T
~ Watts
~ emissivity 0 1.0
W
5.67 10 2 4
m K
~ absolute surface temperature K
8
38
Radiation- Emissions
Stefan-Boltzman constant
( = 5.67x10-8 W/(m2K4)
The maximum amount of radiation that can be
emitted from a surface at absolute temperature.
Eb T 4
Blackbody
Idealized surface that emits radiation at this
maximum rate ().
39
Radiation- Emissions
The idealized surface that emits radiation at this
maximum rate is called a blackbody.
The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than
the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature, and is expressed as emissivity of the
surface (0 1)
A measure of how closely the surface
approximates a blackbody
40
Eb
Blackbody
E
Greybody
E
; 0 1
Eb
41
Incident
radiation
Reflected
radiation
Absorption
Transmitted
radiation
43
Radiation - Absorption
The fraction of the
radiation energy incident
on a surface that is
absorbed by the surface is
termed the absorptivity .
0 1
Both and of a surface
depend on the temperature
and the wavelength of the
radiation.
44
Radiation Analysis
(Introduction)
Radiation exchange
with the surrounding
Ts2
45
Radiation Analysis
(Introduction)
Significant radiation heat transfer from the sun due to a large
temperature difference and large emitting surface area (Ass).
Life on Earth depends on this!
Sun
T = 6,000 K
As= 6.2x1012 km2
Earth (Malaysia)
T = 306 K
A = 5.1x108 km2 (0.008% of the sun)
46
Radiation Analysis
(Introduction)
Insignificant radiation heat transfer from light bulb, even
though there is a large temperature difference, due to the light
bulbs small emitting surface area (Ass)
47
48
49
Radiation Equation
(Example 1.3)
A horizontal pipe, with a 50
mm outside diameter, is
on
i
t
maintained at a temperature
dia
a
R
of 50C in a large room
where the air and wall
temperature are kept at
20C. The surface emissivity
of the steel pipe may be
50 mm
taken as 0.8.
Calculate the heat loss by
radiation per unit length.
T2=20C
T1=50C
= 0.8
50
Radiation Equation
(Example 1.3)
A D L 0.05 m L 0.157 L
Heat loss by radiation per unit length:
Q
D T14 T24
L
4
4
8
W
0.8 5.67 10 m 2 K 4 0.157 m 323 K 293 K
25.03 Wm
51
52
53
54
Combined Example
(Example 1.4)
Air blows (at 20C) over carbon
steel [k=43 W/(m2C] hot plate
which is 0.5 m x 0.75 m and 20
mm thick maintained at 250C.
The convection heat transfer
coefficient is 25 W/(m2C) and
the heat loss from the plate
surface by radiation is 300 W.
(a) Calculate the heat transfer.
(b) The inside plate temperature.
Air (T=20C)
h= 25 W/(m2C)
Tw= 250C
k=43 W/(m2C)
Hot plate
T1
55
Combined Example
(Example 1.4)
Heat Transfer from Newtons Law of Cooling:
Q h A Tw T f
25
W
m 2 C
0.50 0.75 m
250C 20C
2,156.25 W
Energy balance:
56
Combined Example
(Example 1.4)
Solving for the inside plate temperature:
2,456 W x
T
kA
2,456 W 0.02 m
3.05C
W
43 m 2 C 0.75 m 0.5 m
T1 T2 T
GHGs
The major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and ozone (O3).
Atmospheric water vapour (H2O) also makes a large
contribution to the natural greenhouse
Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and
N2O have increased markedly as a result of human
activities since 1750 and now far exceed preindustrial values
The global increases in CO2 concentration are due
primarily to fossil fuel use and land-use change,
while those of CH4 and N2O are primarily due to
agricultural/industrial activities.
GHGs concentrations
Global Warming
Biomass
Biomass - (plant material, non-fossil), organic
materials which can be burned to produce energy or
converted into fuels or other products.
Biomass is a renewable energy source because the
energy it contains comes from the sun. Through the
process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's
energy.
GEO-THERMAL
Geothermal
Geothermal energy is energy obtained
by tapping the heat of the earth itself,
either from kilometers deep into the
Earth's crust, or in some places of the
globe from some meters, in geothermal
heat pump
HYDRO
Hydro
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually
reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams .
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power
installations that typically produce up to
100 kW of power .
Ocean energy describes all the technologies
to harness energy from the ocean/sea. This
includes marine current power, ocean
thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and tidal
power.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a pattern of
resource use that aims to meet human needs
while preserving the environment so that
these needs can be met not only in the
present, but also for future generations.
Sustainable development can be
conceptually devided into three constituent
parts: environmental sustainability,
economic sustainability and sociopolitical
sustainability
Energy Recovery
End of Introduction
90