Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Wardhana
What is philosophy?
philosophia Love of Wisdom Jenicek ja Hitchcock (2005)
Philosophy?
Philosophy has been called
many things and it can have
many meanings
Those single words or
statements on the right side
are only some of them
What words would you add?
Wisdom
Reality
Theories
Meaning of Life
Nature of being
human
Life
perspectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the study of reality. More specifically
it is the study of reality that is beyond the scientific or
mathematical realms. The term metaphysics itself
literally means beyond the physical. The
metaphysical issues most discussed are the existence of
God, the soul, and the afterlife.
(C.Wolff)
2. Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.
It attempts to answer the basic question: What distinguishes true
(adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge?
Practically, this question translates into issues of scientific
methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are
better than
competing theories?
It also forms one of the pillars of the new sciences of cognition,
and from artificial intelligence, as an attempt to develop computer
programs that mimic a human's capacity to use knowledge in an
intelligent way.
Logic knowledge
Logic is the study of right reasoning. It is the tool
philosophers use to study other philosophical
categories.
Good logic includes the use of good thinking skills
and the avoidance of logic fallacies.
3. Logic
Construction of general
knowledge through
induction and deduction:
the hypothetical-deductive
method
4. Axiology
is the study of quality or value.
It is often thought to include ethics and aesthetics philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value and sometimes it is held to lay the groundwork for these fields,
and thus to be similar to value theory and meta-ethics.
Ethics
Ethics is the study of moral value, right and wrong.
Ethics is involved with placing value to personal
actions, decisions, and relations. Important ethical
issues today include abortion, sexual morality, the
death penalty, euthanasia, pornography, and the
environment.
Aesthetics
Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty. It attempts to
address such issues as:
What is art?
What is the relationship between beauty and art?
Are there objective standards by which art can be
judged?
Philosophy of Sciences
The philosophy of science seeks to understand the nature and
justification of scientific knowledge and its ethical implications.
It has proven difficult to provide a definitive account of the
scientific method that can decisively serve to distinguish science
from non-science.
Thus there are legitimate arguments about exactly where the
borders are.
There is nonetheless a set of core precepts that have
broad
consensus among published philosophers of science and within the
scientific community at large.
What is science?
Knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or
the operation of general laws especially as obtained and
tested through scientific ethod
Such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with
the physical world and its phenomena : Natural Science
(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary)
Scientific Methods
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating
phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting
and integrating previous knowledge.
Scientific Methods
1. Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask
a question about something that you observe: How, What,
When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question
it must be about something that you can measure, preferably
with a number.
2. Do Background Research:
3. Construct a Hypothesis:
PHILOSOPHY Of MEDICINE
Philosophy
Biomedical Science
Ontologi
Human being
Epistemologi
Psychological
Aksiologi
Transcedental
Philosophy of
medicine
The philosophy of medicine can be generally
defined as encompassing those issues in
epistemology, axiology, logic, methodology and
metaphysics generated by or related to medicine
PHILOSOPHY in
MEDICINE
Though medicine and philosophy have been intertwined
throughout their histories, systematic philosophical reflection
on medicine began only in the 19th century.
There was a widening gulf between technology and human
values, ironically most manifest in a field devoted to the study
and care of individual human beings.
As a result, philosophy of medicine in its earliest years focused
largely on concrete MEDICAL ETHICS questions involving
new medical technology, such as euthanasia, human cloning,
artificial insemination, etc.
Medicine
Online Medical Dictionary http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/
HUMANITIES IN MEDICINE
1. To increase understanding of the human
condition
study of the humanities may be integrated into
medicine
by means of new and as yet little
understood pathways
2. To expose students to the critical analysis of
ideas
3. To make more allowance for individual
differences
4. To provide pockets of expertise and lifelong
interests
(BMJ 2001;323:685-688)
ntegrative Medicine
Integrative Medicine has been defined by the
National Center for
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine as practices that
combine "mainstream
medical therapies and CAM therapies
for which
there is some high-quality scientific evidence of
safety and effectiveness"
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
is an umbrella
term under which various forms of
non-traditional, non-Western medicine and healing
fall.
Alternative Medicine: practices used in place of
conventional
medical treatments, often
incorporating spiritual, metaphysical, or religious
underpinnings, non-European
medical traditions,
or newly-developed approaches to healing