Benefits of 3GPP WCDMA

Higher Capacity - about 2X IS-95, 7X GSM

Ability to Send up to 384 kbps High Speed Data
while Moving
(Internet, video, multimedia, etc.)
Up to 2 Mbps Throughput for Fixed Applications
5 MHz Bandwidth is more Immune to Fading
No Accurate Base Station Synchronization Needed
Support for Hand-off To and From GSM

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit
rates
Carrier spacing
Frequency reuse factor
Power control
frequency

Services
with
Different
quality
requireme
nts

WCDMA

GSM

5 MHz

200 kHz

118

1500 Hz

2 Hz or lower

Quality control

Radio resource
Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)

Frequency diversity

5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with
Rake receiver

Frequency hopping

Load-based packet
scheduling

Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS

Supported for
improving downlink
capacity

Not supported by the

standard, but can be
applied

Packet data
Downlink transmit
diversity

Efficient
packet
data

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Spreading
factor
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
4, with 3
parallel
codes

Channel
symbol
rate
(ksps)
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
2880

RSymbol

Channel bit
rate
(kbps)
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
5760

SF

DPDCH
channel bit
rate range
(kbps)
36
1224
4251
90
210
432
912
1872
5616

Maximumuser
data rate with rate coding
(approx.)
13 kbps
612 kbps
2024 kbps
45 kbps
105 kbps
215 kbps
456 kbps
936 kbps
2.3 Mbps

Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)

Half rate spee

Full rate speec
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps

RRM Functionalities
LC

PS
RM

AC

LC Load Control

AC Admission
Control

PS Packet Scheduler

RM
Resource
Manager

PC Power Control

HC HO Control

For each cell

PC
HC

For each connection/user

Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical
radio resources of the RNC in cooperation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either
AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code

Code Type
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes

Uplink
User separation

Downlink
Cell separation

Data & control channels from same UEUsers within one cell

Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)

Uplink and
Downlink
Dedicated
Channels

Node B

Cell_DCH
CS and PS services

The introduction of 3G made use of

uplink and downlink dedicated
channels to transfer user plane and
control plane data in CELL_DCH
Applicable to
All 3GPP Releases
Uplink air-interface capacity defined
by maximum planned increase in
uplink interference
Downlink air-interface capacity
defined by downlink transmit
power capability

Channel Types for User Plane Data (R5)

In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for
transferring packet switched user plane
data in the downlink direction

Cell_DCH
PS services

Applicable to

HSDPA

Uplink Dedicated
Channels

Node B

3GPP Release 05
NSN RAS05, RAS05.1
HSDPA makes use of a downlink
transmit power allocation and so has a
direct impact upon downlink capacity
The resource shared between
multiple HSDPA users is the HSDPA
downlink transmit power
The Node B scheduler assigns timeslots
& codes to specific UE to allow access
to the HSDPA downlink transmit power

CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channel

Channel Types for User Plane Data (R6)

3G has further evolved to include

HSUPA for transferring packet

switched user plane data in the uplink
direction

Node B

HSDPA

HSUPA

Applicable to
3GPP Release 06
NSN RAS06, RU10

HSUPA makes use of a uplink

interference allocation and so has a

direct impact upon uplink capacity

The resource shared between

multiple HSUPA users is the uplink

interference

Cell_DCH
PS services

The Node B scheduler assigns

transmit power ratios to specific UE to

allow a contribution towards the total
CS services
continue
to use
R99 dedicated channel
increase
in uplink
interference

3GPP Frame Structure ( need some

diagram)
Physical Channels Have a Two Layer Structure:
Radio frame: 10 ms frame consisting of 15 timeslots
Timeslot: 667 usec slot consisting of a number of Symbols
Symbols are Defined as:
One Symbol Consists of a Number of Chips .
The Number of Chips per Coded Symbol is Equal to the
Spread Factor of the Physical
Channel
Chip is a Bit at the Final Spreading Rate of 3.84 Mchips/s

3GPP Timing Options

The 3GPP System has Two Timing Modes:
Asynchronous Operation - Original Mode
GPS Synchronized - Added after Harmonization
Asynchronous Mode:
Eliminates need for GPS Satellite Receivers
Allows Operation in Tunnels, Buildings, and Subways Where
Satellite Reception is Difficult
Requires Greater Search Time, More Difficult Handoffs
GPS Synchronized Mode:
Simpler, Faster Searching to Ease Soft Handoffs
Requires Base Station to Receive GPS Satellite Signals
As

Transport vs. Physical

Channels
3GPP Supports the Concept of Multiple
Services Sharing a Physical Connection
The Concept of Transport Channels is used
to Support these Services
Adds an Extra Layer Where Transport
Channel are Multiplexed together Prior to
Transmission on a Physical Channel

Downlink Physical Channels

CPICH (Common Pilot Channel):

used as a timing and frequency reference by mobile stations
P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel).
carries a transport channel called the Broadcast Channel (BCH). The BCH
carries the system overhead information.
S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Chan).
carries the Forward Access Channel or the Paging Channel (FACH or PCH, both
of which are transport channels).
SCH (Synchronization Channel).
To aid mobile synchronization to the network, each base station also
transmits this channel.
DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel).
carries the Dedicated Channel (DCH, which is a transport channel). The DPCH
is composed of two sub-channels: the Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel).
carries information to multiple mobiles at the same time.
AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel).
used to indicate to a mobile that the base station has acquired the mobiles
attempt to contact the network.
PICH (Page Indication Channel).
informs mobiles when pages directed to that mobile will be sent in an future
Paging Channel slot.

Pilot Structure
3GPP Uses Two Types of Pilot Channels:
1. Code Based Pilot (CPICH - Common Pilot Channel)
Used To Broadcast Timing Information to All Mobile Stations
Operating in a Cell or Sector
is assigned a unique spreading code. This allows all mobiles in
that cell to decode the pilot channel and use it as a timing
reference
The CPICH allows mobile stations to use coherent detection to
increase demodulation performance.

2. Embedded Pilot Signals:

Some Downlink Channels also Included Embedded Pilot

Information
Pilot Data is Time Multiplexed into the Channel
Used by Mobiles to Send Timing Information to Base Stations

Common Pilot Channels (CPICH)

Primary CPICH:

Always Uses the 256 bit OVSF Spreading Code 0

Always Uses the Cells Primary Scrambling Code
One Per Cell and is Broadcast Over the Entire Cell
send timing information to mobile stations to synchronize with the
base station by using pilot data.

Secondary CPICH:

Same as the Primary CPICH Except - >

Assigned Arbitrary 256 bit OVSF Spreading Code
Can use the Primary or a Secondary Scrambling Code
There can be Any Number of Them

The primary use of the Secondary CPICH will be in the future when
beam formed antennas are implemented.

Downlink P-CCPCH
(Primary Common Control Physical
Channel)
Transmits the BCH (Broadcast Channel) Transport
Channel.
Sends Cell Information.
Rate Is Fixed to 27 kbps.
Broadcast over the Entire Cell.
The P-CCPCH Does Not Contain Pilot, Power
Control, or Rate
Information.
Every Cell Uses only OVSF Code 1 (256 bit).

P-CCPCH Frame Structure

Each Frame is 10 milliseconds in Duration.
Each Frame is Divided into 15 Timeslots:
Data Rate is Fixed to 27,000 bps
18 Data symbols are Sent in each Timeslot
Each timeslot is divided into two sections: an off period where no
data is transmitted, and a data portion that carries the BCH
information.
The P-CCPCH Does Not Transmit in the first 66.7 usec. This is done
to reduce the effects of the Sync channel which directly interferes
with the other channels in the downlink (more on this in a minute).

P-CCPCH Channel Coding

the System Frame Number (SFN) is carried by 12 bits of data. The SFN is used
by the mobile to align data received from various cells during soft handoff.
Eight tail bits are also added to reset the initial state of the convolution
encoder to all zeroes so as to be ready for the next frame of data.
At this point, the combined data is passed through a one-half rate
convolutional encoder that doubles the data rate to 25.6 kbps.
Rate matching is performed to bring the final rate up to 27 kbps.

Downlink S-CCPCH
(Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)

Sends the FACH (Forward Access Channel) and the PCH (Paging
Channel) Transport Channels.
The FACH is Pages Mobiles when Their Location is Known.
The PCH is Pages Mobiles when Their Location is Not Known.
The FACH and PCH Can be Combined on one SCCPCH or
Sent on Separate SCCPCH Channels.
Like P-CCPCH , the S-CCPCH Has No Power Control Data, but Optionally
Carries Rate Information (TFCI).
The Rate is Fixed in a Cell but Can Be Different between Cells Depending
on Cell Loading 9 (number of pages that need to be sent in a cell).

Downlink Sync Channel

The Primary SCH is:
An unmodulated, 256 bit Gold Code (Long 10ms code: Gold code)
The Code is Sent at the Beginning of each Timeslot (first 10% of each timeslot (256
bits at 3.84 Mcps = 66.7 usec, each
timeslot is 667 usec))
All Base Station use the Same, 256 bit Gold Code, Mobiles search for this pattern
when looking for suitable base stations to use.
The Secondary SCH is:
Instead of using a single 256 bit code, the uses a Sequence of 15, 256 bit Gold Codes
in each frame.
The Pattern is Sent using the first 256 bits of each Timeslot (15 )
This provides a hint to the mobile of which scramble code the base stations is
using.
The Pattern of Codes (64 total) correspond to the Scrambling Code (Long Code) Group
being used by the Base Station
The pattern used by the Secondary Sync channel indicates the scramble code group
that the base station is using. In each scramble code group, there are 8 possible
scramble codes. Once the mobile reads the Secondary Sync channel and
determines the pattern it is using, the mobile then searches for the primary
scramble code from the indicated group . The mobile cannot communicate with the
base station until it has identified the exact primary scramble code being used.

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

This is an optional feature.

Designed to Increase Battery Life for Sleep Mode.
Each Phone is Assigned:
A Paging Slot to Check for Paging Messages on the S-CCPCH
(Paging Channel)
An Associated Paging Indicator Position on the PICH
The PICH is Aligned to Transmit Ahead of the Associated
Paging Slot on the S-CCPCH
Mobile Decodes the PICH Channel:
Active Indicator Tells Mobile that a Page is Coming
No Indicator Tells Mobile to Return to Sleep Mode without Reading
the Paging Channel Slot

Downlink DPCH

The Transport DCH (Dedicated Channel) is Carried on the

DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
The DPCH Consists of the DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data
Channel) and the DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control
Channel).
The DPDCH and DPCCH are Time Multiplexed together into one
Physical Channel.
The DPDCH Carries the User Data for one or more services.
The DPCCH Carries the Control Information for the Physical
Layer.
This control information includes
embedded pilot data
transmit power control bits to control the closed loop transmit
power of the mobile
Transport Format Combination Information (TFCI) (optional)

Downlink Convolutional Encoder

Convolutional encoding is used to provide increased error detection and
correction capabilities for the receiver.
The BCH, PCH, and FACH use a one half rate convolutional encoder that
double the bit rate of the input data stream.
The DPCH uses a one third rate or one half rate convolutional encoder for
lower rate services and and a one third rate turbo encoder for higher data
rate services.
Uses either a 1/2 or 1/3 Rate Coder
Optionally can use no Encoder

Turbo Coding Option

To lower the transmit power required for data transmissions (and

thus lower the interference and raise capacity), new error
correction and detection encoding schemes have been developed.

These encoders are designed to replace the convolutional

encoders and have better correction performance while
maintaining the same data rate.

Unlike Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes cannot be Described in

Closed Mathematical Form:Trial and Error Development
Can Yield up to 0.5 dB Performance Improvement in Required S/N
as this reduced the transmit power up to 0.5 dB for the same error
rate performance .

Turbo Coder Example

This slide shows the general Turbo Coder
specified by 3GPP for high speed data
transmissions. Here in this example, data
is input to the encoder at a
rate of 64 kbps. One path in the Turbo
Coder simply sends the original data
through to the output without
modification. This path is known as the
Systematic Path. A second path adds
redundancy by clocking the data through a
feedback shift register system that
modifies the data in a predictable
manner. The output of this path is also at a
rate 64 kbps. This coded path is called a
Parity Path. The third path uses the same
coder as the first Parity
Path except that the input data is passed
through an interleaver. The output of the
interleaved Parity Path also runs at 64
kbps. The three resulting
data streams are then multiplexed
together to form a single stream that runs

Rate Matching
Unequal Repeat or Puncture:
Data is Punctured to a Lower Rate if: 0.8 <
Ratio < 1
Otherwise the Data is Repeated up to the
Next Rate
In this Example, the DTCH Data is
Punctured from 804 bits/frame to 688
bits/frame (40,200 bps to 34,400 bps)

Frame Segmentation & Interleaving

The Logical Channels are:
Individually Interleaved
Converted to 10 ms Frame
Structures
Interleaved Together to Form a
Dedicated Channel (Transport
Channel)

Spreading of WCDMA

Chip after
Spreadin
g

Data bit

OVSF Code

Scramble Code

Symbol
Symbol rate
rate SF
SF == 3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
WCDMA
WCDMA
SF
SF of
of uplink
uplink channelized
channelized code
code
4~256
4~256
SF
SF of
of downlink
downlink channelized
channelized code:4~512
code:4~512
OVSF:
OVSF: Orthogonal
Orthogonal Variable
Variable Spreading
Spreading Factor
Factor

Spreading and Despreading

Symbol
1
-1

Data =
010010
Chip

Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )

Spreading
1
-1

Spread signal
= Data code

1
-1

Despreading
Spreading code
Data =
Spread signal

Spread code

1
-1
1
-1

Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor Codes Is used to uniquely identify each OVSF
channel in the downlink and uplink
The length of the OVSF code is
known as the Spread Factor (SF)
since each channels data is
multiplied by the length of the OVSF
code used to spread the channel.
This Code tree continues down until
it reaches SF=512. At the SF=512
point, the set contains 512 unique
codes each of which have 512 bits.
The 3GPP system accommodates
channels with different throughput
by spreading them with OVSF codes
that have a different SF.
High rate channels must use small
SFs while low rate channels ca nuse
longer SFs.
An OVSF code is first distinguished
from other codes in the label Cch
(Channelization Code).

Effects of Variable OVSF Codes

Every code at a given SF is
orthogonal to any other code at the
same SF.
codes with a different SF that are
not on the same branch are also
orthogonal.
codes that are on the same branch
with different SF are NOT orthogonal
In this picture, a channel uses an
OVSF with spread factor equal to
four, then all OVSF codes derived
from that code ( on the same
branch) cannot be used by the base
station.
The more high rate channels are
allocated, the number of available
OVSF codes for the system to use is
greatly reduced.

Characteristic of channelization code

Premise of code allocation:
ensure not occupied for the code in the root
direction and downwards subtree

Result of code allocation:

block all low rate SC in subtree and high rate in
upwards root direction
SF=8
SF=16

SF=32

Example
Idle
Allocated
SF= 8

0
` 0

SF=16

SF=64

` 0

` 0

SF=32

` Blocked

` 0

SF=16
SF=32

SF=64

` 0

1
1

3
(c)

4
(b)

(a)
SF= 8

` 0

` 0

1
1

4
(d)

Orthogonality of OVSF Codes

Like Walsh Codes Used in IS-95
CDMA,
OVSF codes are :
Orthogonal with each Other and Their
Inverses:
Orthogonality = Equal Number of
Matches and
Mismatches
Voice Channels Uses the OVSF Code
with a SF (spread factor) of 128
The CPICH channel is always spread
with the first 256 bit OVSF code, is
denoted by Cch, 256,0
The P-CCPCH is always spread with
the second OVSF code with length
256 bits: Cch, 256,1 .
All other channels are assigned
OVSF codes by the network.

Downlink Scrambling
Chip after
Spreadin
g

Data bit

OVSF Code

Scramble Code

In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the

scrambling operation.
This is needed to separate terminals or base stations from each other.
Without the scrambling, each adjacent cell would be using the same OVSF
codes, which would result in high interference.
Scrambling is used on top of spreading, so it does not change the signal
bandwidth but only makes the signals from different sources separable
from each other.

Characteristic of Scrambling code

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to
distinguish different users in one cell.
Uplink Scrambling codes include long scrambling codes and short
scrambling codes. The Short Scrambling codes are used for multiuser detecting
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish
different cells
Scrambling codes in common use are 0 1 8191 they are divided
into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1primary scrambling code
and 15 secondary scrambling codes that are associated with that groups
Primary code.
The P-CCPCH always uses the Primary scramble code. Optionally, other
channels may be scrambled using the Secondary codes associated with the
Primary code
512 primary scrambling codes are further divided into 64 scrambling code
groups ,there is 8 primary scrambling in each group. These groups directly
correspond to the 64 possible Secondary Sync Channel code patterns.
.

When the mobile determines the Secondary Sync Channel code

pattern, the mobile then knows which of the 64 Primary scramble
codes groups to search to find the exact Primary scramble code of
the base station (8 possible codes).

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Usage

Channelisation code

Scrambling code

Uplink: Separation of physical data

(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal

Uplink: Separation of mobile

Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)

Downlink: Separation of downlink

connections to different users within one
cell
Length

4256 chips (1.066.7 s)

Downlink also 512 chips

Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)

66.7 s = 256 chips

Different bit rates by changing the length

of the code

Option (2) can be used with advanced

base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips

Number of codes
Code family

Number of codes under one scrambling

code = spreading factor

Uplink: 16.8 million

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Long 10 ms code: Gold code

Downlink: 512
Short code: Extended S(2) code family

Spreading

Yes, increases transmission bandwidth

No, does not affect transmission

bandwidth

Acquisition Indication Channel

( AICH)

AICH Provides an Indicator to the Mobile that a

PRACH or PCPCH
from the Mobile has been Detected
Uses 1.33 ms Access Slots (15 slots per 20ms)
Each Access Slot Provides 16 Access Indicators for 16
Mobiles in
the first 1.067 ms Transmission Period
Each of the 16 AIs directly corresponds to one of the
16 signature codes sent by a mobile PRACH or
PCPCH .
No Data is Sent Last 4 Symbols of Each Slot
Uses the Same Physical Channel Structure,
spreading and modulation as DPDCH/DPCCH.

Compressed Mode Operation

Allows Off Reception Times for Mobile to Make

Measurements on Other Frequencies.
Two Methods:
- Reduce Spread Factor by 2 (Shorter OVSF)
- Puncture Coder (1/3 rate to 1/2 rate)
During the unused timeslots, the mobile can tune its
receiver to another frequency and measure its signal
quality.

Physical Uplink Channels

PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel).
Carries the RACH (Random Access Channel)
Used for System Access
PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel)
Carries the CPCH (Common Packet Channel)
Used to Carry Small to Medium Packets and Support Contention
Resolution
DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel) Composed of:
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel).
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel).

Uplink PRACH

Sends Signaling Information to the Base Station

Is Composed of Two Parts:
One or More 1.067 ms Duration Preambles which the Base
Station Searches for to Acquire PRACH channels
A 10 ms Message Section
The preambles are repeated until the base station
acknowledges receiving the preamble on the AICH. Once
the mobile receives a reception indication on the AICH, it
transmits the message portion of the PRACH.

Uplink DPDCH & DPCCH

DPDCH carries the Data

DPCCH carrier the Layer 1 Control Information(pilot data, TPC,
feedback, and optionally TFCI).
Unlike the Downlink, These Channels are I/Q Multiplexed (BPSK
Modulation)
For Higher Data Rate Services, Additional DPDCHs are Added to
Both the I and Q Branches
The DPDCH & DPCCH are Spread with Different OVSF Codes
(independent
Channels)
The DPCCH is always spread with the first OVSF code of length 256 (Cch, 256,0).
If only one DPDCH is used, then it is assigned the OVSF code that equals the spread factor
divided by four.In the case of SF=64, as in this example, the DPDCH is spread with OVSF
code number 16 (Cch, 64,16)
If more than one DPDCH is used (multi-code operation for higher rate services), then each
are spread with a 4 bit OVSF code (Cch, 4,k).

Call Processing

Mobile Synchronization
Read Broadcast Channel
Mobile Initial Access:
Base Station Page, Mobile
Response
Mobile Initiated Call
Move to DPDCH/DPCCH
Soft Handoff

Mobile Initial Search

The first task for the mobile is to find all receivable primary SCH channels. At
this point the mobile station has no timing reference at all
Since the 3GPP system is completely unsynchronized, the Primary SCH signal
from each base station will be received at arbitrary time offsets. Once all of the
receivable primary SCHs have been located, the mobile selects the strongest
assuming that it probably is the closest base station.
In this example, the mobile would select Base Station 1 since it provides the
strongest signal.

Mobile Synchronization

Find and Time Sync to Primary SCH Chip Rate

Find and Decode Secondary SCH
Determine Which of the 64 Possible Code Patterns the Secondary
SCH is Sending
Begin Search for which of the 8 Possible Scrambling Codes
the
Base Station is Using Within the Code Group Defined by
the Secondary SCH

Read Broadcast Channel

Once Scrambling Code is Determined, Decode the

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
BCH Messages Provide System Specific Information and
Cell Parameters Required for Proper Operation
Cell May Require Registration
Once Complete, Mobile Enters Sleep Mode
Reads PICH to Determine if it Needs to Read PCH
Monitors the PCH or FACH for Page

Mobile Initiated Call

Sends PRACH Preamble, Waits for AICH Response

Sends PRACH Message
Response on PCH To Get DPDCH/DPCCH Assignment

WCDMA handover types.

Intra-system handovers:
Intra-frequency handovers.
MS handover within one cell between different sectors: softer
MS handover between different BS:
Soft.
Hard.

Inter-frequency handovers.
Hard

Inter-system handovers:
Handover between WCDMA <--> GSM900/1800: Hard
Handower between WCDMA/FDD <--> TDD: Hard

Soft Handoff

A mobile station communicates with two base stations simultaneously

Mobile Searches for Other Cells - looks for Sync Channel

Reports Candidate Cells to System
Receives Assignment for Soft Handoff from Network
Must Determine System Frame Number from Each Cell to
Properly
Time Align Each Cells Transmissions.
The System Frame Number (SFN) is multiplexed with the BCH
transport channel and is carried over-the-air on the P-CCPCH.

Soft Handover, uplink and downlink

Softer Handover

Handover procedure
Strength of the A becomes equal to
defined lower threshold. The
neighbouring signal has adequate
strength. B is added to active set.
Quality of signal B starts to become
better than signal A. The RNC keeps
that point as starting point for
handover margin calculation.
The strength of signal B becomes
equal or better than the defined lower
threshold. Thus its strength is
adequate to satisfy the required QoS
of the connection. The strength of the
summed signal exceeds the
predefined upper threshold, causing
additional interference to the system.
As a result, RNC deletes signal A
from the Active Set.

Parameter in the handover algorithm

Upper threshold: the level at which the signal strength of the connection is at
the maximum acceptable level in respect with the requested QoS.
Lower threshold: is the level at which the signal strength of the connection is
at the minimum acceptable level to satisfied the required QoS. Thus the signal
strength of the connection should not fall below it.
Handover margin: is a predefined parameter, which is set at the point where
the signal strength of the neighbouring cell (B) has started to exceed the signal
strength of current cell (A) by a certain amount and/or for a certain time.
Active Set: is a set of signal branches (Cells) through which the MS has
simultaneously connection to the UTRAN.
Candidate Set: is a list of cells that are not presently used in the soft handover
connection, but whose pilot E/I are strong enough to be added to the active set.
Candidate set is not used in WCDMA handover algorithm.
Neighbour Set: The neighbour set or monitored set is the list of cells that the
mobile station continuously measures, but whose pilot E/I are not stron enough
to be added to the active set.

Active Set Management

HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel

principle:

Significant enhancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL,
and 2 Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time

-A
H
C
B
D HC
C
D HC
D

Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE

he
c
S

lin
u
d

C
B,
,
A

HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)

Fast pipe is shared among UEs

D
E-

CH

D
E-

-A

CH

-B

CH
D
E

-C

HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)

Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL

Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling

HSDPA Overview

15 Code
16QAM
Shared
Modulation
transmission

TTI = 2
ms

Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy

Fast Link
Adaptatio
n

Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms

Advanced
Schedulin
g

Maximum code allocation for HSDPA

Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA

Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available

Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1
users per TTI

15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high
traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs
minimum 2 HSDPA users)
SF=1
SF=2

Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e.
3 HSDPA users)
Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user
exists in the cell

SF=4
SF=8
SF=16

Case1:

15
15 HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH codes
codes

SF=32
SF=64

Codes
Codes for
for common
common
channels
in
channels in the
the cell
cell

SF=128

Up
Up to
to three
three HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
codes
codes

SF=256
Case1+2:

Codes
Codes for
for associated
associated DCHs
DCHs
and
non-HSDPA
users
and non-HSDPA users

Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH

Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no

SF256 available for the 3rd UE
for associated DCH
Case2:

Used by AMR user only one

SF128 code remains for
associated DCH

HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to
achieve high data rates
12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported
Minimum inter-TTI interval

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15

codes and 16QAM

HSUPA Overview

1-4 Code
Multi-Code
transmission

TTI = 10 ms

Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy

Fast
Power Control

Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms

NodeB
Controlle
dScheduli
ng

HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates
6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported
Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI
No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air

HSUPA
Category

Codes x Spreading

TTI

Transport
Block size

1 x SF4

10

7110

2 x SF4

10

14484

2 x SF4

2798

2 x SF4

10

14484

2 x SF2

10

20000

0.71
Mbps
1.45
Mbps
1.40
Mbps
1.45
Mbps
2 Mbps

2 x SF2

5772

2.89 Mbps

2 x SF2

10

20000

2 Mbps

2xSF2 + 2xSF4

10

20000

2 Mbps

2xSF2 + 2xSF4

11484

5.74 Mbps

Data rate

HSPA mobility

HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data)
Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time

Notice that soft/softer handover

is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH
Serving
HS-DSCH cell

HS-PDSCH

DPCH

DPCH

HSUPA
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to nearfar problem
Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power

UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except

Modulation
Modulation
Soft
Softhandover
handover
Fast
Fastpower
power
control
control
Scheduling
Scheduling
NonNonscheduled
scheduled
transmission
transmission

HSDPA
HSDPA
QPSK
QPSKand
and1616QAM
QAM

HSUPA
HSUPA
BPSK
BPSKand
andDualDualBPSK
BPSK

No
No

Yes
Yes

No
No
Point
Pointto
to
multipoint
multipoint

Yes
Yes
Multipoint
Multipoint
to
topoint
point
Yes,
for
minimum/
Yes, for minimum/
guaranteed
guaranteedbit
bitrate
rate

No
No

Efficient UE power
amplifier
Required for near-far
avoidance
Scheduling cannot be
as fast as in HSDPA
Similar to R99 DCH
but with HARQ

HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced

DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Feature

DCH

HSUPA

HSDPA

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fast power control

Yes

Yes

No

Soft handover

Yes

Yes

Adaptive modulation

No

No

Yes

BTS based scheduling

No

Yes

Yes

Fast L1 HARQ

No

Yes

Yes

Variable spreading factor

Multicode transmission

(No in practice)

No

(associated DCH only)

Any question???

Thank you