FISIOLOGI RESPIRASI

(PERTUKARAN GAS)

RESPIRASI :
PROSES PRTUKARAN O2 DAN CO2 YANG TERJADI SECARA
DIFUSI DARI INSANG KE KAPILER DAN KAPILR KE JARINGAN

PROSES RESPIRASI
1.
2.
3.
4.

PERTUKARAN O2 DAN CO2 MELALUI PERMUKAAN ALAT RESPIRASI

DIFUSI O2 DAN CO2 ANTARA INSANG DAN DARAH
TRANSPORTASI O2 DAN CO2 DALAM DARAH & CAIRAN TUBUH KE
& DARI SEL
PENGATURAN PERNAFASAN

Fine sieve structure of gills very efficiently extracts O2 from water.

Efficient O2 uptake is vital to fish because of its low water solubility.

Solubility decreases with increased temperature & salinity
Also, metabolic rate (demand for O2 ) increases as temperature rises.

Oxygen solubility determined by temperature

The Gill as a Respiratory Structure

Buccal cavity can be opened and closed by opening and closing

the mouth.
Opercular cavity can be opened and closed by movements of
the operculum.
Ram ventilation
blood flows in an opposite direction to the flow of water,
thus maximizing oxygenation of blood
gill arches
countercurrent flow

Structure of a Fish Gill

Fish
Because the gills are so VASCULAR and have a
large surface area, gas exchange can happen
adequately

Respiratory Pump in Fish

Fish need a more efficient method
than terrestrial animals
Unidirectional system, water always
moves one way across gills and out
operculum
No mixing of fresh and respired water,
maintaining highest possible PO2 at gill
surface

Fish
They breathe by pumping water through the
mouth, over gill filaments and out through slits
in the sides of the pharynx
Double Pump System: by decreasing pressure
in mouth, water is forced in; by increasing
pressure in mouth, water is forced out through
the opercula

Respiration
Single, moveable operculum has allowed a pumping mechanism to
develop
Continually forces water across gills even when fish is stationary

Respiration
With mouth open,
opercles flare
outward but
remain in contact
with body

Respiration

Water drawn into mouth

Mouth closes and opercula open
Opercula pulled in, forcing water over gills and out opercular
openings

Bony Fish Respiration

PERBANDINGAN SISTEN
PERNAFASAN
TL. KERAS DAN TL. RAWAN

PERBANDINGAN SISTEN
PERNAFASAN
TL. KERAS DAN TL. RAWAN

Sistem Pernapasan pada ikan bertulang rawan

Insang ikan bertulang rawan tidak mempunyai tutup insang (operkulum)

misalnya pada ikan hiu.

Masuk dan keluarnya udara dari rongga mulut, disebabkan oleh perubahan
tekanan pada rongga mulut yang ditimbulkan oleh perubahan volume
rongga mulut akibat gerakan naik turun rongga mulut.

Bila dasar mulut bergerak ke bawah, volume rongga mulut bertambah,

sehingga tekanannya lebih kecil dari tekanan air di sekitarnya. Akibatnya,
air mengalir ke rongga mulut melalui celah mulut yang pada akhirnya
terjadilah proses inspirasi,

Bila dasar mulut bergerak ke atas, volume rongga mulut mengecil,

tekanannya naik, celah mulut tertutup, sehingga air mengalir ke luar melalui
celah insang dan terjadilah proses ekspirasi CO2. Pada saat inilah terjadi
pertukaran gas O2 dan CO2.

Sistem Pernapasan pada ikan paru-paru ( Dipnoi )

Pernapasan ikan paru-paru menyerupai pernapasan pada Amphibia.
Selain mempunyai insang, ikan paru paru mempunyai satu atau
sepasang gelembung udara seperti paru-paru yang dapat digunakan
untuk membantu pernapasan, yaitu pulmosis.
Pulmosis banyak dikelilingi pembuluh darah dan dihubungkan
dengan kerongkongan oleh duktus pneumatikus. Saluran ini
merupakan jalan masuk dan keluarnya udara dari mulut ke
gelembung dan sebaliknya, sekaligus memungkinkan terjadinya
difusi

udara

ke

kapiler

darah.

Respiratory Pump in Fish

Buccal
cavity

Opercular
cavity

Dual Pump
Phase I
Expansion of
buccal and
opercular cavities
while opercula
are closed
Phase II
Mouth closes,
opercula open,
forcing water
across gills

Ikan paru-paru hidup di rawa-rawa dan di sungai. Ikan ini mampu

bertahan hidup walaupun airnya kering dan insangnya tidak berfungsi,
karena ia bernapas menggunakan gelembung udara. Ada tiga jenis ikan
paru-paru di dunia, yaitu ikan paru-paru afrika, ikan paru paru amerika
selatan,

dan

ikan

paru

paru

queensland

(Australia).

Ikan lele, gabus, gurami, dan betok memiliki alat bantu pernapasan
yang disebut labirin. Labirin merupakan perluasan ke atas dalam rongga
insang, dan membentuk lipatan-lipatan sehingga merupakan rongga-rongga
tidak teratur. Rongga labirin berfungsi menyimpan udara (O2), sehingga ikanikan tersebut dapat bertahan hidup pada perairan yang kandungan oksigennya
rendah

How can fish remove

80 - 90% of O2
available from
water?
1) Short diffusion distance at
gill site
2) Large surface area for
diffusion at gill site
3) Counter current exchange
of gases at gill site
4) Large volume of water
passes over gills

Countercurrant
Close-up!

Blood flow through

lamellae is from
posterior to anterior
(back to front).

Water flow over

lamellae is from
anterior to posterior
(front to back).

Counter-current allows
for diffusion from high
O2 in water to low O2
in blood across entire
length of lamella.

% O2 in
water
%%OO
iningills
gills
2 2

When the blood and water flows in the same direction, the co-current system, it will
initially diffuses large amounts of oxygen but the efficiency reduces when the fluids
start to reach equilibrium.

2 in
%%
O2Oin
water
water

% O2 in gills
% O2 in gills
In the counter-current system, equilibrium is never reached! Result: Oxygen flow is
always directed into the gills.

Auxiliary Respiratory Structures

Skin - diffusion of oxygen from water into dense network of

capillaries in skin (eels), Thin skin (larval fish) supplies 50% of O 2
needed.
Swim bladder - vascularized physostomous swim bladders (gars)
Lungs - modified swim bladder (lungfishes)
Mouth - vascularized region in roof of mouth (electric eel,
mudsuckers)
Gut - vascularized stomach or intestinal wall (armored catfish,
loaches)

Swim Bladder

Many fish possess a swim bladder

(Actinopterygii)
Creates neutral buoyancy so fish can
remain motionless in water column

 Not in sharks
Depend on constant movement and fat deposits
Swim bladder probably arose from paired lungs of primitive fish
Lungs were present before swim bladder
Paired lungs probably necessary because of alternating wet and dry
periods
Supplemented gills
Swim bladder present in pelagic bony fish
Usually absent in benthic fish

Swim Bladder

Rete mirabile of a Queensland Groper, Epinephelus lanceolatus.

Geoff

Shark gill structure

When fish are taken out of the water they suffocate, not
because they cant breathe the oxygen available in the air
Their gill arches collapse and there is not enough surface area
for diffusion to take place
Some fish are designed to be exposed to the air for brief periods

Air Breathing Fish!?

The walking catfish can go from pond
to pond as long as their gills stay wet

Lungs

Some fish use lungs to breath

Pouches branching off esophagus
Breathe air at surface or remain out of
water

Sekian