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Lecture 06
Instructor
Adnan Shoaib
4-1
Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives
4-2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Income
Income Statement
Statement and
and Related
Related Information
Information
Income
Statement
Format of the
Income
Statement
Usefulness
Limitations
Elements
Quality of
Earnings
Reporting
Irregular Items
Single-step
Discontinued
operations
Intraperiod tax
allocation
Multiple-step
Extraordinary items
Condensed
income statements
Retained earnings
statement
Changes in
accounting
principles
Comprehensive
income
Changes in
estimates
Corrections of
errors
4-3
Special
Reporting Issues
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Usefulness
4-4
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Limitations
4-5
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Quality of Earnings
Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or
beat Wall Street expectations, so that
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Manipulating
Manipulating Income
Income and
and Income
Income Smoothing
Smoothing
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2. Income statement
classification
Operating
Operating Income
Income and
and Earnings
Earnings Quality
Quality
4-8
Restructuring Costs
Nonoperating
Nonoperating Income
Income and
and Earnings
Earnings Quality
Quality
Gains and losses generated from the sale of
investments often can significantly inflate or
deflate current earnings.
How should those
Example
As the stock market boom reached gains be interpreted
in terms of their
its height late in the year 2000,
relationship to
many companies recorded large
future earnings?
gains from sale of investments
that had appreciated significantly Are they transitory
or permanent?
in value.
4-9
Format
Format of
of the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Revenues Inflows or other enhancements of assets or
settlements of its liabilities that constitute the entitys ongoing
major or central operations.
Examples of Revenue Accounts
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Sales
Dividend revenue
Fee revenue
Rent revenue
Interest revenue
Format
Format of
of the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Expenses Outflows or other using-up of assets or
incurrences of liabilities that constitute the entitys ongoing
major or central operations.
Examples of Expense Accounts
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Rent expense
Depreciation
expense
Salary expense
Interest expense
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.
Format
Format of
of the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement
Elements of the Income Statement
Gains Increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or
incidental transactions.
Losses - Decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or
incidental transactions.
Gains and losses can result from
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settlement of liabilities,
write-offs of assets.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.
Single-Step
Single-Step Format
Format
Single-Step Income
Statement
Revenues
Expenses
SingleStep
Net Income
No distinction between
Operating and Non-operating
categories.
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4-14
Single-Step
Single-Step Format
Format
Single-Step
Single-Step Format
Format
Review
The single-step income statement emphasizes
a. the gross profit figure.
b. total revenues and total expenses.
c. extraordinary items more than it is emphasized in the
multiple-step income statement.
d. the various components of income from continuing
operations.
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Format
Format of
of the
the Income
Income Statement
Statement
Multiple-Step Income Statement
4-16
Multiple-Step
Multiple-Step Format
Format
Intermediate Components of the Income Statement
1. Operating section
2. Nonoperating section
3. Income tax
4. Discontinued operations
5. Extraordinary items
6. Earnings per share
4-17
Operating
Operating versus
versus Nonoperating
Nonoperating Income
Income
4-18
Operating
Income
Nonoperating
Income
Includes revenues
and expenses
directly related to
the principal
revenue-generating
activities of the
company
Multiple-Step
Multiple-Step Format
Format
The presentation
divides information
into major sections.
1. Operating Section
2. Nonoperating
Section
3. Income tax
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4-20
Multiple-Step
Multiple-Step Format
Format
Multiple-Step
Multiple-Step Format
Format
Review
A separation of operating and non operating activities of a
company exists in
a. both a multiple-step and single-step income statement.
b. a multiple-step but not a single-step income statement.
c. a single-step but not a multiple-step income statement.
d. neither a single-step nor a multiple-step income
statement.
4-21
U.
U. S.
S. GAAP
GAAP vs.
vs. IFRS
IFRS
There are more similarities than differences between income
statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP and those
prepared applying IFRS.
Some differences are highlighted below.
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Companies are required to report irregular items in the
financial statements so users can determine the long-run
earning power of the company.
Illustration 4-5
Number of Irregular Items
Reported in a Recent Year
by 500 Large Companies
4-23
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Irregular items fall into six categories
1. Discontinued operations.
2. Extraordinary items.
3. Unusual gains and losses.
4. Changes in accounting principle.
5. Changes in estimates.
6. Corrections of errors.
4-24
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Discontinued Operations
Occurs when,
(a) company eliminates the
Reporting
Reporting Discontinued
Discontinued Operations
Operations
Illustration: KC Corporation had after tax income from continuing
operations of $55,000,000 for the year. During the year, it disposed
of its restaurant division at a pretax loss of $270,000. Prior to
disposal, the division operated at a pretax loss of $450,000 for the
year. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Prepare a partial income
statement for KC.
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$55,000,000
Net income
$54,496,000
315,000
189,000
504,000
Reporting
Reporting Discontinued
Discontinued Operations
Operations
Discontinued
Operations are reported
after Income from
continuing operations.
Previously labeled as
Net Income.
Moved to
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LO 4
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Extraordinary items are nonrecurring material items that
differ significantly from a companys typical business activities.
Extraordinary Item must be both of an
Occur Infrequently
4-28
Reporting
Reporting Extraordinary
Extraordinary Items
Items
Are these items Extraordinary?
(a) A large portion of a tobacco manufacturers crops
are destroyed by a hail storm. Severe damage from
hail storms in the locality where the manufacturer
grows tobacco is rare.
YES
NO
YES
Reporting
Reporting Extraordinary
Extraordinary Items
Items
Are these items Extraordinary?
(d) A large diversified company sells a block of shares
from its portfolio of securities which it has acquired
for investment purposes. This is the first sale from
its portfolio of securities.
(e) An earthquake destroys one of the oil refineries
owned by a large multi-national oil company.
Earthquakes are rare in this geographical location.
(f)
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NO
YES
NO
LO 4
Reporting
Reporting Extraordinary
Extraordinary Items
Items
Illustration: KC Corporation had after tax income from continuing
operations of $55,000,000 during the year. In addition, it suffered
an unusual and infrequent pretax loss of $770,000 from a volcano
eruption. The corporations tax rate is 30%. Prepare a partial
income statement for KC Corporation beginning with income from
continuing operations.
Income from continuing operations
Extraordinary loss, net of $231,000 tax
$55,000,000
539,000
Net income
$54,461,000
($770,000 x 30% = $231,000 tax)
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Reporting
Reporting Extraordinary
Extraordinary Items
Items
Extraordinary Items
are reported after
Income from continuing
operations.
Previously labeled as
Net Income.
Moved to
4-32
LO 4
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Reporting when both
Discontinued
Operations and
Extraordinary Items
are present.
Discontinued
Operations
Extraordinary Items
4-33
LO 4
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Unusual Gains and Losses
Material items that are unusual or infrequent, but not both,
should be reported in a separate section just above Income
from continuing operations before income taxes.
Examples can include:
Write-downs of inventories
4-34
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Changes in Accounting Principles
4-35
Retrospective adjustment.
Examples include:
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Change in Accounting Principle: Gaubert Inc. decided in
March 2012 to change from FIFO to weighted-average inventory
pricing. Gauberts income before taxes, using the new weightedaverage method in 2012, is $30,000.
Pretax Income Data
Illustration 4-10
Calculation of a Change in
Accounting Principle
Illustration 4-11
Income Statement
Presentation of a Change
in Accounting Principle
(Based on 30% tax rate)
4-36
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Changes in Estimate
4-37
Examples include:
Inventory obsolescence.
LO 4 Explain how to report irregular items.
U.
U. S.
S. GAAP
GAAP vs.
vs. IFRS
IFRS
The scarcity of extraordinary gains and losses reported in corporate
income statements and the desire to converge U.S. and
international accounting standards could guide
the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item
classification.
4-38
Prohibits reporting
extraordinary items in the
income statement or notes.
Change
Change in
in Estimate
Estimate Example
Example
Change in Estimate: Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for
$510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years
with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time.
Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line
basis. In 2012 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated
life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end
of that time.
Questions:
4-39
Change
Change in
in Estimate
Estimate Example
Example
Equipment cost
Salvage value
Depreciable base
Useful life (original)
Annual depreciation
After 7 years
$510,000
First,
First,establish
establishNBV
NBV
- 10,000
at
atdate
dateof
ofchange
changein
in
estimate.
500,000
estimate.
10 years
$ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000
4-40
Equipment
Accumulated depreciation
$510,000
350,000
$160,000
Change
Change in
in Estimate
Estimate Example
Example
Net book value
Salvage value (new)
Depreciable base
Useful life remaining
Annual depreciation
$160,000
5,000
155,000
8 years
$ 19,375
After 7 years
Depreciation
Depreciation
Expense
Expensecalculation
calculation
for
for2012.
2012.
19,375
Accumulated depreciation
4-41
19,375
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Corrections of Errors
4-42
Result from:
mathematical mistakes.
Reporting
Reporting Irregular
Irregular Items
Items
Corrections of Errors: To illustrate, in 2013, Hillsboro Co.
determined that it incorrectly overstated its accounts
receivable and sales revenue by $100,000 in 2010. In 2013,
Hillboro makes the following entry to correct for this error
(ignore income taxes).
Retained earnings
Accounts receivable
4-43
100,000
100,000
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Relates the income tax expense to the specific items that give
rise to the amount of the tax expense.
Income tax is allocated to the following items:
(1) Income from continuing operations before tax.
(2) Discontinued operations.
(3) Extraordinary items.
4-44
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Extraordinary Gain: Schindler Co. has income before income
tax and extraordinary item of $250,000. It has an extraordinary
gain of $100,000 from a condemnation settlement received on
one its properties. Assuming a 30 percent income tax rate.
Illustration 4-13
4-45
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Extraordinary Loss: Schindler Co. has income before income
tax and extraordinary item of $250,000. It has an extraordinary
loss from a major casualty of $100,000. Assuming a 30 percent
income tax rate.
Illustration 4-14
4-46
Example
Example of
of Intraperiod
Intraperiod Tax
Tax Allocation
Allocation
Note: losses reduce
the total tax
Calculation of
Total Tax
$24,000
(135)
(61)
(231)
$23,573
4-47
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Earnings Per Share
Net income - Preferred dividends
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
4-48
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Earnings Per Share (BE4-8): In 2012, Hollis Corporation
reported net income of $1,000,000. It declared and paid preferred
stock dividends of $250,000. During 2012, Hollis had a weighted
average of 190,000 common shares outstanding. Compute
Holliss 2012 earnings per share.
Net income - Preferred dividends
Weighted average number of shares outstanding
$1,000,000
$250,000
190,000
4-49
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Illustration 4-17
Divide by
weightedaverage
shares
outstanding
EPS
4-50
LO 6
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Retained Earnings Statement
Increase
Net income
Net loss
Change in accounting
principle
Dividends
Change in accounting
principles
Error corrections
4-51
Decrease
Error corrections
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2012, you
discover a $50,000 error (net of tax) that caused 2011 inventory to be
overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net
income to be higher in 2011). Would this discovery have any impact on the
reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2012?
4-52
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
4-53
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Restrictions on Retained Earnings
Disclosed
4-54
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive Income
All changes in equity during a period except those resulting
from investments by owners and distributions to owners.
Includes:
4-55
all gains and losses that bypass net income but affect
stockholders equity.
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive Income
Other Comprehensive
Income
Plus others
Reported in Stockholders
Equity
4-56
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Review
Gains and losses that bypass net income but affect
stockholders' equity are referred to as
a. comprehensive income.
b. other comprehensive income.
c. prior period income.
d. unusual gains and losses.
4-57
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Companies must display the components of other
comprehensive income in one of three ways:
1.
2.
3.
4-58
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive
Income
Illustration 4-19
Second income
statement
4-59
LO 8
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive
Income
Combined
statement
4-60
LO 8
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive Income
4-61
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Comprehensive Income
Illustration 4-21
Presentation of
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income in the
Balance Sheet
Special
Special Reporting
Reporting Issues
Issues
Review
The FASB decided that the components of other
comprehensive income must be displayed
a. in a second separate income statement.
b. in a combined income statement of comprehensive
income.
c. as a part of the statement of stockholders equity.
d. Any of these options is permissible.
4-63
U.
U. S.
S. GAAP
GAAP vs.
vs. IFRS
IFRS
As part of a joint project with the FASB, the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2007 issued a new version
of IAS No. 146 that revised the standard to bring international
reporting of comprehensive income largely in line with U.S.
standards.
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RELEVANT FACTS
4-65
RELEVANT FACTS
4-66
IFRS does not define key measures like income from operations.
SEC regulations define many key measures and provide
requirements and limitations on companies reporting nonGAAP/IFRS information.
End
End of
of Lecture
Lecture 06
06
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