Types of qualitative

research

Fundamental question in qualitative

research

Characteristic of phenomenology research

Ethnography Research

ETHNOGRAPHY

Ethno folk
Graphy description
An ethnography is what ethnographer do
Qualitative research called ethnography.
Learning from people.
Ethnography is not only a research technique, but
the term also is used to describe the product of an
investigation.
The work of describing a culture
To understand another way of life from the native
point of view.
Based on the assumption that culture is learned &
shared among members of group.

ETHNOGRAPHY

Ethnography contains aspect of both: art & science. Without

science we lose our credibility, without humanity we lose
our ability to understand others.
An ethnography is holistic. A primary purpose of this holistic
approach is to make explicit the interrelationship among
the various systems & subsystems in the group under
study.
It is contextualizing the data involves placing observations
& interview data into large perspective. A central tenet is
that peoples behavior can be understood only in context
in the process of analysis & abstraction, can not separate
elements of human behavior from their relevant contexts of
meaning & purpose. The context includes far more than the
physical environment.

ETHNOGRAPHY
Concern with the meaning of actions & events to the
people we seek to understand.
The essential core of ethnography is this concern
with the meaning of actions & events to the people
we seek to understand.
Reflexive the researcher is a part of the world that
is studied.
Focus on entire social group.
Goal to grasp the natives point of view his relation
to life, to realize his vision of his world.
Holistic.
The method is combine diachronic with synchronic.

SCOPE OF RESEARCH
Macro -- Micro
Complex society
Multiple communities
A single community study
Multiple social institution
A single social institution
Multiple social situation
A single social situation

GRAND TOUR QUESTION

SPACE/
STAGE

Geographical location:
-building; grounds; properties;
Social group map & folk map

ACTOR

Requesting a list of actors name:

- title; responsibility (job-description); relationships to
other actors (boss, spouse, aunt, confidante, etc); &
personal evaluation.

TIME

Daily; week, month, season, yearly circle;

e.g. agriculture in time context.

EVALUATION

How do you feel about it?:

Attitude; judgment; like & dislike?
(Should be linked to factual question)

KNOWLEDGE Encyclopedic interviewing:

Domain of knowledge

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTION MATRIX

SPACE

OBJECT

SPACE

Describe in
detail all the
place

What are all ways space is organized by: object, act, activity, event, time, goals, feeling?

OBJECT

Where are
objects
located?

Describe in
detail all
the objects

ACT

Where do
acts occurs

ACTIVITY

What are all

the places
activities
occurs?

EVENT

What are all

the places
event
occurs?

TIME

Where do
time periods
occurs?

ACTOR

Where do
actors place
themselves?

GOAL

Where are
goals sough
& achieved?

FEELING

State occurs?

ACT

ACTIVITY

EVENT

TIME

ACTOR

GOAL

FEELING

What are all the ways objects are used in: acts? Activities? Events? Times? Actors? Goals?
Feeling?
Describe
in detail
all the
acts

What are all the

ways activities
incorporate?
Objects? Acts?

Activities?

Events?

Vary over
times?

Actors?

Goals?

Feeling?

Describe in
detail all the
actors

Which ..
Linked to
which goal?

Experience
d by actors?

Describe in
detail all the
activities
Describe
in detail all
the events

Describe in
detail all the
time

Describe in
detail all the
goals
Lead to the
use of what
objects?

Describe in
detail all the
feelings

ETHNOGRAPHY ANALYSIS
In fact, all scientific analysis is the search
for patterns in data & for ideas that help
explain the existence of those patterns.
Analysis has two means:
Making complicated things understandable by
reducing them to their component parts (
descriptive analysis);
Making complicated things understandable by
showing how their component parts fit
together according to some rules ( theory).

Case study research

Case study is
interdisciplinary
Many different concepts & theories can
be used to describe & explain the case.
Multiple methods of data collection are
often used (e.g. interviews,
observation, documents,
questionnaires)
The final report should provide a rich
(i.e. vivid & detailed) & holistic (i.e.
describes the whole & its parts)
description of the case & its context.

Grounded theory