WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
MODULE 1
NOKIA
WCDMA Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN
Module Objectives
At the end of this modul the participant will be able to:
Describe the usage of screambling and channalisation codes
Describe how different bit rates can be achieved
Describe how the capacity and coverage are connected to each
others
Describe different Handover types
Describe Power Control procedures
Explain the tasks of Admission Control, Load Control, Packet
Scheduler and interconnections between them
NOKIA
IMT-2000 frequency
allocations
NOKIA
PCS
2150
2200 MHz
IMT-2000
Europe
UMTS
(FDD)
Japan
USA
Mobile
Satellit
e
ITU
Mobile
Satellit
e
Mobile
Satellit
e
2100
IMT-2000
Mobile
Satellit
e
UMTS
(TDD)
IMT-2000
2050
Mobile
Satellit
e
PCS
UMTS
(FDD)
PCS
unlicensed
PHS
GSM
1800
DECT
IMT-2000
2000
Mobile
Satellit
e
UMTS
(TDD)
1950
Mobile
Satellit
e
IMT-2000
UMTS
(TDD)
(TDD)
1900
Mobile
Satellit
e
1850
UMTS & GSM Network Planning

G S M 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 :
NOKIA
3 G (W C D M A ):
Hierarchical Cell Structure

1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2
F1
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
NOKIA
Macro BTS
Differences between WCDMA &

GSM
High bit
rates
Carrierspacing
Frequencyreusefactor
Spectral
efficiency
Different
quality
requireme
nts
NOKIA
Powercontrol
frequency
WCDMA
GSM
5MHz
200kHz
118
1500Hz
2Hzorlower
Qualitycontrol
Radioresource
managementalgorithms
Networkplanning
(frequencyplanning)
Frequencydiversity
5MHzbandwidthgives
multipathdiversitywith
Rakereceiver
Frequencyhopping
Loadbasedpacket
scheduling
Timeslotbased
schedulingwithGPRS
Supportedfor
improvingdownlink
capacity
Notsupportedbythe
standard,butcanbe
applied
Packetdata
Downlinktransmit
diversity
Efficient
packet
data
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
WCDMA
Carrier
3 .8 4 M H z
f
5 M Hz
5+5 MHz in FDD mode

5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
NOKIA
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1
Air Interface
i
d
a
re
p
s
De ng
+1
-1
+1
Data
NOKIA
-1
Energy Box
Originating Bit
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
Power
Ba
nd
Received Bit
Duration
(SF)
Energy pro bit =

const
9
NOKIA
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Spreading & Processing Gain

Bit rate
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
Mchip
R SF const W 3.84
G p dB
10
NOKIA
BU u
BBaerer
SF
R
sec
Gp:
processing
gain
BUu:
system chip
rate
BBearer: bearer symbol
rate
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12.2 kbit/s)
Power density
(W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.9
8 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)
Power density
(W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10
dB
Frequency (Hz)
11
NOKIA
Spreading
sequences have a
different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate
Transmission Power
Power
Frequency
High bit rate user
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
12
NOKIA
Cell load
Max. recommended load: 70%, typically 30-50%
50% load means 3 dB loss in link budget
Loss (dB)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
13
NOKIA
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Load
DL & UL Channalisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor
codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,
512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each

code pair in the code set equals 0
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where
synchronisation between different channels can be guaranteed,
e.g. downlink channels under one cell, uplink channels from a
single user; uplink signals from different users are not time
synchronised.
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus
not suited in an asynchronous environment
14
NOKIA
SF=
1
Channelisation Code Tree

... SF=25
SF=
SF=
SF=
SF=1
2
C2(0)=[11]
C0(0)=[
1]
C2(1)=[11]
15
NOKIA
C16(0)=[......
......]
C16(1)=[......
C4(0)=[111
......]
C16(2)=[......
1]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1- ......]
C16(3)=[......
1]
......]
C16(4)=[......
C8(2)=[11-1-111- ......]
C16(5)=[......
1-1]
C4(1)=[11-1......]
C16(6)=[......
1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
......]
C16(7)=[......
......]
C16(8)=[......
C8(0)=[1-11-11......]
C16(9)=[......
11-1]
C4(2)=[1......]
C16(10)=[......
11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
.....]
C16(11)=[........
...]
C16(12)=[....
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1- .......]
C16(13=[......
11]
C4(3)=[1-1.....]
C16(14)=[....
11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111- .......]
C16(15)=[....
1]
.......]
C8(0)=[111111
11]
SF=51
2
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Half rate speech

Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
16
NOKIA
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separition
Generated with the shift register of length 18 (218-1=262 143 codes can be
generated)
The first 8192 first codes from 262 143 code set are exclusively used in DL,
they are organised into hierarhical groups:
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
51215 Secondary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated:
Long scrambling codes created from the Gold pseudo-noise sequence
(length of 38 400 chips)
Short scrambling codes generated by the quaternary S(2) pseudo-noise
sequence (256 chips are periodicaly repeted to get the scrambling code of
the frame length)
For the common physical channels long scrambling codes must be used
For the dedicated channels both long an dshort scrambling codes can be used
17
NOKIA
Screambling Codes & Multipath

Propagation
Sprambli
ng code
C1
+
C1
C1 +
C1+2
18
NOKIA
C2
Sprambli
ng code
C2
RAKE Receiver
Cell-1
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
19
NOKIA
Delay 3
Delay 2
Code used
for the
connection
Delay 1
Output
Channelisation and Scrambling

Codes
20
NOKIA
DL Spreading
I Branch
Physical
Channel
Serial
to
Parallel
conversion
I+j
Q
channalisat
ion
Complex
scrambling
and
power
weighting
Q Branch
21
NOKIA
To the
modulator
DL Modulation
Degrees and Bits:
'1'
'0'
180
0
I Branch
Bit combinations in Radio Pa

'10'
135
'00'
45
'11'
225
'01'
315
Oscillator
Spreaded
Information
RF Out
I/Q
split
90 Phase Shift
Q Branch
Degrees and Bits:
'1'
'0'
90
- 90
22
NOKIA
UL Spreading
I Branch
Data part
Physical
Channel
Control
part
channalisat
ion
power
weighti
ng
channalisat
ion
power
weighti
ng
I+j
Q
Complex
scramblin
g
Q Branch
23
NOKIA
To the
modulator
UL Modulation
Degrees and Bits:
'1'
'0'
180
0
I Branch
Bit combinations in Radio Pat

'10'
135
'00'
45
'11'
225
'01'
315
Oscillator
Spreaded
Information
RF Out
I/Q
split
90 Phase Shift
Q BranchDelay*
Degrees and Bits:
'1'
'0'
90
- 90
*) Delay length is 0.5 bits in time

24
NOKIA
Micro Diversity
Node B
RAKE
Receive
r
MS
RAKE
Receiver
Micro Diversity Points

max ratio combining is used
25
NOKIA
Summed signal
Macro Diversity in the RNC

Active cell set
Node B
Macro Diversity Point

selection combining is used
Node B
Node B
26
NOKIA
S-RNC
D-RNC
Core Network
Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power
Logical codes
Bandwith
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all

the time: as many users as possible will get the resources in such
a way, that the minimum required quality is meet (nothing less
and nothing more)
By means of several RRM functionalities, the radio resources are
serviceoptimise.
continuously monitored and
quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage
27
NOKIA
cell capacity
Radio Resource Management

RRM must be able to:
Predict the impact on interference (power) of
the admitting a new user for UL & DL
Provide different quality of service for real

time (RT) and non-real time (NRT) users
Take appropriate corrective action when the
different cell load thresholds are exceeded in
order to maintain cell stability (i.e. load
control)
Overload Margin
Load Target
Power
Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call

admissions, bitrate increase/decrease etc.) in
accordance with prevailing load conditions
Overload
Time
Estimated
capacity for
NRT
trafficload
Measured
caused
by non-controllable
load (RT)
RT services must have higher quality assurance

than NRT
28
NOKIA
RRM Functionalities
LC
PS
RM
AC
AC
Admission
Control
LC
Network based functions
Load Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource
Manager
PC
HC
PC Power Control
Connection based functions
HC HO Control
29
NOKIA
Admission Control
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned
coverage or quality of existing connections
Determines whether or not a new RT RAB can be admitted to the
RAN
With PS decides whether to admit NRT RABs (PS handles all NRT
connections)
Also sets
UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets

SIR target for outer loop power control
Initial DL transmission power for the channel
Radio Link Control parameters, e.g. transmission mode
Transport Channel (TrCH) parameters, e.g. TFS
Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

Bearer class
Traffic handling priority
Transport Formats
NOKIA
Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN
MSWCDMA
capabilities
30
Admission Control
AC Procedure
ac
e
B
an
d
w
id
th
Allowed Range
Radio Access Bearers

on the air interface
31
NOKIA
U
u
In
te
rf
...
Interference Margin (dB)
Admission Control
Planned uplink interference
margin;
defines the optimum operating
poit up to which the AC can
operate.
25
Defines the limit (the first UL

overload threshold) for the UL
interference margin, after
which the BS starts its load
control actions to prevent
overload.
20
15
10
Offset
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Load
32
NOKIA
0.7
0.8
0.9
Load Control
Cell load is defined as a function of interference main criterion in WCDMA
The load control function within RRM can be divided into:
Preventive load control (e.g. congestion)

Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
The load control functionality is done by measuring both UL (received

interference) and DL (transmit power) periodically on a cell basis
Load control is performed for UL and DL separately (asymmetric traffic)
Preventive actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold
y)
Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell and with
surrounding cells
33
NOKIA
Load Control
Overload Control
Overload
threshold x
Preventive Load Control
Power
Load Target
threshold y
Time
Estimated capacity for NRT

traffic.
Measured load caused by non-controllable load
(RT)
34
NOKIA
Load Control
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
(LC works as glue between these two functions)
Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided
by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels
BTS power levels
Non-controllable load
Load change
info
LC
Load
status
NRT
load
35
NOKIA
AC
PS
Packet Scheduler
A non-real time call constitutes of a bursty sequence of packets.
In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DC
The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT p

packet service session
packet call
time
reading time
packet size
36
NOKIA
packet arrival interval
Packet Scheduler
Responsible for scheduling radio
resources for both UL and DL
NRT RABs
Scheduling period
RNP parameters
defined
power
Overload threshold
Target threshold
by
PS
relies
on
up-to-date
information from AC and PS
Total Load
controllable load
non-controllable load
Capacity allocated on a needs

time
basis using best effort approach
PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing
conditions & accurate (up-to-date load info)
Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports

(governed by RNP parameters)
PS comprises two parts: MS specific & Cell specific
37
NOKIA
Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS also responsible for:
TFCS selection
Initial channel selection based on RNP parameters & RLC buffer
load;
small amounts of NRT data sent on control channels (Cell _FACH
state)
long and frequent data sent on dedicated channels (Cell _DCH state)
Queuing of unscheduled NRT capacity requests (queuing

algorithm)
Capacity request handling policy
Increasing/decreasing user bit rates (governed by RNP
parameters)
PS preventive & overload actions
38
NOKIA
Packet Scheduler
Radio network planning
parameters
Periodical cell measurements
Periodical radio link
measurements
RB
setup/reconfiguration/release
information
Traffic volume
measurements (triggers for
DCH allocation)
39
NOKIA
Packet
scheduler
Updated power
estimations
Control of traffic
volume measurements
DCH allocations for NRT RB
Resource Manager
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in
co-operation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM
allocates:
DL spreading code
UL srambling code
Code Type
Scrambling codes
Uplink
User separation
Downlink
Cell separation
Users
within one cell
Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same
UE
Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);
40
Initial code selection codes concentrated to the same branch

Code re-fragmentation dynamic reallocation of codes as users
enter/leave the system
NOKIA
Power Control (PC)
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
(Fast) Closed Loop Power Control
MS
BS
Outer Loop Power Control
RN
C
41
NOKIA
Power control in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously

WCMDA often uses 1 frequency
Poor PC leads to increase interference > reduced capacity
From BTS perspective every UE accessing network increase interference

WCMDA capacity is proportional to interference level > minimise interference
PC maintains link quality by adjusting UE (UL) and BTS (DL) powers every slot
Mitigates 'near far effect', by providing minimum required power for each
connection
UEs and BTSs should always be at the lowest possible transmission power
PC utilises Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) independently for each
connection
Provides protection against shadowing and fast fading
42
NOKIA
Open Loop Power Control

Controlled by UE
Determines how much power UE should use during random
access procedure (UL)
Network informs UE of current network status;
CPICH power (RNP parameter)

UL required C/I ratio (RNP parameter)
UL interference
MS Output
Power
UE uses these parameters to calculate initial power of RACH

preamble
If access request is not detected power of preamble is increased
in steps
After detection of MS signal, the initial SIR isAIC
calculated in RNC
H
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
RACH
43
NOKIA
Mesage Part
Fast Loop Power Control

Located in BTS and UE
Controls the power of the dedicated physical channels
Power control changes can occur every slot (i.e. 1500 times per
second)
BTS and UE continuously compare recevied SIR with SIR target
and inform each other to either increase or decrease its power
(using TPC commands)
MS3
MS1
MS2
44
NOKIA
MS1
With Optimum
Power Control
MS2
MS3
MS4
Received power at BS
MS4
Received power at BS
Without
Power Control
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
Closed Loop Power Control

Adjusts the SIR for every user based on BER/FER observation.
Initial, max. and min. SIR values are set by AC
Needed to track changes in radio environment
Aims to provide required quality
UL quality evaluation is made after MDC
RNP parameters control the threshold comparison process for SIR
target and the reporting of these results
If SIR target reaches its maximum (I.e. radio conditions
deteriorate even though SIR target is inceased, system has to
take action;
inter-frequency / inter-system handover
RRC connnection release
45
NOKIA
Handover Control
HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the

network
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Hard handover:
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA
and GSM
Soft handover:
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thus providing
a way to improve call quality during handover. However, this feature has a direct
impact on network capacity and therefore is a trade-off between quality and capacity.
It has also an effect to coverage due cell breathing.
Optimisation has an important role in controlling the handover performance during the
pre-launch optimisation (initial setting). This role is especially essential in continuous
optimisation when traffic increases and levelling of traffic between base stations
becomes more important.
46
NOKIA
Hanover Control
Received signal strength
BS1
Base station
diversity
Threshold
BS2
BS1
BS3
BS2
Distance from BS1

BS3
47
NOKIA
Handover Control
IntraSystem
WCDMA
to WCDMA
Soft(er)
Handover
Hard
Handover
InterSystem
(Inter-RAT)
WCDMA to GSM
WCDMA to GPRS
GSM to WCDMA
GPRS to WCDMA
48
NOKIA
Intrafrequency
Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Interfrequency
Intrafrequency
Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Interfrequency
Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Requires
Compressed
Mode
Hard
Handover
Cell Breathing
128 kbps
8 kbps
64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps

Large coverage
49
NOKIA
Traffic load has

direct effect on
the cell size
Radio Resource
Management
provides means
to control cell
breathing in
network
optimisation
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
Increased load 800 kbps

Decreased coverage
WCDMA Key Benefits

Soft Handover
Call is connected before handover is completed, reducing the

probability of a dropped call
Processing Gain
Basic CDMA benefit => the wider the transmitted bandwidth

compared to the user datarate the less power is needed for
the transmission
Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all
RRM building blocks are closely related to each other
Multipath Signal Processing
50
NOKIA
Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE

receiver
WCDMA Fundamentals
REVIEW QUESTIONS
51
NOKIA
52
NOKIA

WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Hierarchical Cell Structure

Differences between WCDMA &

5+5 MHz in FDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips)

Energy pro bit =

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Spreading & Processing Gain

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

Processing Gain Examples

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

DL & UL Channalisation Codes

Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each

Channelisation Code Tree

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Half rate speech

DL & UL Scrambling Codes

Screambling Codes & Multipath

Channelisation and Scrambling

Bit combinations in Radio Pa

Bit combinations in Radio Pat

*) Delay length is 0.5 bits in time

Micro Diversity Points

Macro Diversity in the RNC

Macro Diversity Point

Radio Resource Management

The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all

Radio Resource Management

Provide different quality of service for real

Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call

RT services must have higher quality assurance

Network based functions

Connection based functions

UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets

Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

Radio Access Bearers

Interference Margin (dB)

Defines the limit (the first UL

Preventive load control (e.g. congestion)

The load control functionality is done by measuring both UL (received

Preventive Load Control

Estimated capacity for NRT

In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DC

The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT p

packet arrival interval

Capacity allocated on a needs

Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports

Packet Scheduler (PS)

Queuing of unscheduled NRT capacity requests (queuing

Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

Initial code selection codes concentrated to the same branch

Power Control (PC)

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

(Fast) Closed Loop Power Control

Power control in WCDMA

UEs transmit continuously

From BTS perspective every UE accessing network increase interference