Air Pollution

Group 1
Indah Denas T 076275630
Nandia Gresita T 0706275712
Nindi Sekarsari 0706275725
Pramesti Andiani 0706275744

Department of Civil Engineering

Study Program Environmental
Engineering

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

Definition of Air Pollution

Definition
Air pollution is the presence of undesirable
material in the air, in quantities large enough to
produce harmful effects. (Sources: Nevers, 2000)
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and
gases in the air.
( Sources: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html,
accessed: February 7th 2011)

Definition
Masuknya atau dimasukkannya zat, energi,
dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam udara
ambien oleh kegiatan manusia, sehingga
mutu udara ambien turun sampai ke
tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan udara
ambien tidak dapat memenuhi fungsinya
(PP No. 41 Tahun 1999)

Type of air pollution

Types of Air Pollution

Based on location : indoor and outdoor
Based on movement : moving and not moving
Based on origin : natural and antropogenic
Based on form of pollutants
Based on time of formation

: gas and particulate

:

Primary Pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source.

Secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when
other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere.

(sources: Green Facts:

http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/pqrs/primarypollutant-secondary-pollutant.htm)

Source of Air Pollution

Air Pollution Transportation

Major Pollutants in the Air

Pollutant

Sources

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Motor vehicles, burning of fossil

fuels

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Coal and oil burning power

stations, mineral ore processing
and chemical manufacture.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Fuel combustion

Hydrocarbon (HC)

Motor vehicles, fuel combustion,

solvent use.

Lead (Pb)

Exhaust gases from motor vehicles

that use leaded petrol, smelters.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Motor vehicles, burning of plant

materials, bushfires.
Sources: Holper and Noonan, 2000

Source of Air Pollution

Air Pollution Source and Environmental

Impact at Construction Stage
No

Stage/
Location

Activity

Environmental
Aspect

Environmenta Initial Risk

l Impact
Control

Preparatory
work

Mobilitation/
demobilitatio
n heavy
machinery
and material
vehicle

Vehicle gas
emission

Air pollution

Determining
conveyances
(trailer) which
had tested the
gas emissions
by stating in
with
subcontractor
contract terms

Dust emission

Disturbance
respiratory and
comfort for
surrounding
communities
project and
air pollution

Speed
restriction
vehicles to
reduce
dust exposure

No

Stage
/ Location

Activity

Environmental
Aspect

Environmenta Initial Risk

l Impact
Control

Preparatory
work

Material
transfer

Mobility of
vehicle

Air pollution

Ensuring
vehicles
enter the
project have
evidence
emission test,
regulate traffic,
turn off the
engine if not
operated

Office
Activity

Maintanenance
AC

Usage of CFC and

Hanlon

Ozon depletion,
Air pollution

Using CFC and

hanlon which is
environmentall
y friendly

No Stage/
Location
3

Activity

Environment
al Aspect

Environmen Initial Risk

tal Impact
Control

Gas emmision
of the erection
pile tool

Air pollution

Routine
maintenance
of the heavy
machinery

Soil
compaction

Exhaust
emission of
compaction
equipment

Air pollution

Emission test
of dump truck
and routine
maintenance
of heavy
machinary

Steel
errection
girder using
crane

Vehicle gas
emission

Air pollution

Emission test
of heavy
machinery
vehicle and
routine
maintenance
of heavy
machinery

Construction Erection
/ FIeld
pile
foundation

No Stage/
Location
3

Activity

Construction Steel
/ Field
errection
girder using
crane

Vehicle
activity

Environment
al Aspect

Environmen Initial Risk

tal Impact
Control

Dust Emission

Disturbance
respiratory
and comfort
for
surrounding
communities
project and air
pollution

Emission test
and evaluated
the result.
Maintenace
the machine
and use a
propper
muffler

Fumes

Air pollution

Emission test,
make an
emission
regulation of
vehicle which
can enter
project area,
traffic
management,
turn off the
machine
when not
operated.

No Stage/
Location
3

Activity

Construction Fogging
/ Field

Environment
al Aspect

Environmen Initial Risk

tal Impact
Control

Fogging smoke

Air pollution

Mixture of
fogging
material
according to
usage
regulation,
fogging
periodically

Compressor
operational

Operation stage Air pollution

Emission
monitoring,
usafe of filter
at exhaust
channel

Casting

Vehicle
emission

Emission test
of heavy
machinery
periodically

Air pollution

No Stage/
Location

Activity

Environment
al Aspect

Environmen Initial Risk

tal Impact
Control

Construction Casting
/ Field

Dust emission

Disturbance
respiratory
and comfort
for
surrounding
communities
project and air
pollution

Spraying the
area of
construction
project if
needed,
cleaning
project area
from debris
and dirt,
limited the
vehicle speed
to reduce dust
exposure

End of
construction

Mobility of
vehicle

Air pollution

Emission test
of the vehicle
which enter the
construction
area, traffic
management,
turn off the
machine if not

Transfer
material

Source of Air Pollution

1.
2.

Impurities of fuel SO2

Fuel combustion NO, NO2, Pb, Particulate, CO, VOC

Emission Source

Source
category

PM10

SO2

CO

NOx

HC

Pb

Transportation

0.7

1.4

67.0

11.6

7.7

0.00052

Fuel Combustion

1.1

17.3

4.8

10.7

0.9

0.00050

Industrial
Processes

1.3

1.7

6.1

0.9

9.8

0.0029

Miscellaneous

0.0

9.6

0.3

0.8

Total

3.1

20.4

87.5

23.5

19.2

0.0039

Sources: National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, EPA454/R-98-016

Parameter of Air Pollution

1. N O 2
2. C O
3. P A RT I C U L A T E M A T T E R
4. L E A D
5. S O 2
6. H C
7. A L D E H Y D E

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Impacts:

Health Effects Increased incidence of respiratory illness

Increased airway resistance (due to inflammation)

Damage to lung tissue
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD (narrowing of the
airways)
Emphysema (as part of COPD)
Pulmonary edema (accumulation of excessive fluid in the lungs)
Infant and cardiovascular death

Visual

Most gaseous air pollutants are totally transparent. The only common
exception is NO2 which is brown.

(sources:
http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effec
ts.html
, access: Jan 7th 2011)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Properties
Released in the atmosphere
Formed from the combustion process
NOx also react with hydrocarbons, producing
photochemical smog.
These reactions are stimulated by the
sunlight.

Hydrocarbons + O2 + NO2 +
light CH3COOONO2
(peroxyacetyl nitrate)

Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound with chemical

formula NO with the relative mass of 30.006 g / mol.
NO in gaseous form has no color or smell and has a density of
1.3402 g / l.
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with chemical
formula NO2 with relative mass 46.0055 g / mol.
NO2 in the gas form of brown and foul-smelling and has a
density of 3.4 kg/m3.

Pollution Reaction in Air

Fuel Combustion in the

High Temperature
N2 + O2 2NO
Reaction in Air
NO + HC + O2 +uv NO2
+ O3

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Measures:

Griees Saltzmant method (SNI 19-7119.2-2005)

NO2 in the air
reacted with Griess
reagent Saltman
(absorbent) to form a
purple compound

Tube Passive Sampler

Passive samplers rely on diffusion principles

(Varshney, 2003).

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Exposure to Animals
NO2 levels higher than 100 ppm can kill most of the
experimental animals and 90% of these deaths are
caused by symptoms of swelling of the lungs (pulmonary
edema).
NO2 concentration of 800 ppm will result in 100%
mortality in animals that were tested within 29 minutes
or less.
Exposure to Human
NO2 exposure with levels of 5 ppm for 10 minutes on
humans resulting in difficulty in breathing.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Exposure to Plants

Exposure 30 mimutes + 300 ppm

Exposure 3 hours + 150 ppm
DEATH
Exposure from range 20
minutes- 5000 hours + 60
ppm- 0,2 ppm
Foliar lessions

Exposure 1 hour-5000
hour + 1 ppm-0,1 ppm
Growth effect

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Definition:
Carbon monoxide is also created during the
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
The main source of CO are gasoline engines.
Diesel engines produce much smaller quantities of
these pollutants

Impacts:
CO is highly toxic for people, because it bounds
to the blood hemoglobin, lowering its capacity
to carry oxygen.
It also has negative impacts on heart,
circulation, and nervous system.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Properties :
Colourless,
odourless, neutral,
gaseous oxide, which
is highly poisonous,

Sparingly soluble in
water, but is soluble
in ethanol and in
benzene.

Neutral oxide which

burns in air to give
carbon dioxide,

Good reducing agent,

and is used for that
purpose in industry,
CuO + CO ==> Cu + CO2

The chemical
properties of carbon
monoxide are that it
is a flammable and
highly toxic gas,
An important
industrial gas, which
is widely used as a
fuel.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Measurement:
NDIR or infra-red

Solid State

Electrochemical

Particulate Matter (PM)

Definition:
Particulate are categorized as air pollutants aerosols.
Particulates are fine particles of solids and liquids suspended
in ambient air. Particulate diameter size range from 0,01
microns to 100 microns

Category of PM
SPM : Suspended Particulate Matter consists of

PM 10 and PM 2,5

TSP : Total Suspended Particulate

consist of PM 10+ PM 2,5

PM
10

PM
2,5

TSP

Particulate Matter (PM)

Properties
The common
characteristic

is that they all contain a carbon nucleus and various

other components (hydrocarbons, inorganic sulfates
and nitrates, as well as metals and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons) adsorbed on it.

Settle

The nature of particulate that tends to always

settle by gravity forces

Wet Surface and

Clotting Properties

The nature of the surface of the particulate

will tend to always be wet, coated by a very
thin layer of water. This property is important
in controlling particulate in the workplace.

Static electricity
Optics

Particulate has the properties of static electricity

that can attract other particles in the opposite.
Thus, dust particles in solution to accelerate the
clotting process.
particle wet / humid others can emit visible light in a
dark room.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Impact
a.Health
.Disrupt

the respiratory system

Effects on the lungs depending on the size / diameter, shape, density and chemical and physics of
particulate

.Another

effect of other diseases, such as infection, cancer, eye irritation, nose and skin, systemic
toxicity, fever, and so forth. Particulates can also cause serious visibility problems.

.Silicosis

is derived from chalk dust, asbestosis from asbestos fibers.

b.Environment

Disturb the process of photosynthesis, and respiration for the formation of crust on the surface of
plants that will inhibit the entry of sunlight.
c. Effect tehadap other materials

Accelerate corrosion (especially in materials that contain sulfur).

Damage the building materials made from soil, paint and textiles.
d.Reduced visibility
e. Aesthetic damage

Particle pollution can stain and damage stone and other materials, including culturally important
objects such as statues and monuments.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Measurement :
HVAS
(High Volumetric Air Sampler)
Gravimetry method
SNI 19-7119.3-2005

Lead (Pb)

Lead (Pb)
The Physical
Properties of Lead

The chemical
properties of lead

The atomic
properties of lead

Color: light gray to a

slight bluish grey
color
Hardness: 1.5
Streak: light gray
and has a shiny
streak
Transparency:
opaque
Specific gravity: 11.3
Luster: metallic
Cleavage: no
cleavage
Fracture: hackly
Density: 11.4 qm cm3
Tenacity: malleable,
ductile and sectile

Melting point:
600.65 K
Boiling point: 2013
K
Heat of fusion:
4.799 kJ mol
Heat of vapor: 177.7
kJ mol
Specific heat: 0.13 J
qm K

Atomic number: 82
Atomic mass: 207.2
u
Atomic radius: 1.47
A
Covalent radius: 1.81
A
Atomic volume:
18.17 cm3 mol
Stable isotopes: 4
Electronegativity:
2.33

Sumber : http://www.egoldprospecting.com/html/the_physical_properties_of_lea.html

Lead Impact
Lead can cause several
unwanted effects, such as:

Disruption of the biosynthesis of haemoglobin

and anaemia
A rise in blood pressure
Kidney damage
Miscarriages and subtle abortions
Disruption of nervous systems
Brain damage and reduces IQ & attention
Declined fertility of men through sperm
damage
Diminished learning abilities of children
Behavioural disruptions of children, such as
aggression, impulsive behavior and
hyperactivity

Lead Measurement
Measurements:
Use midged impinger to trap the Pb in the air. Then
dillute in water and read in spectrofotometer.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Definition
Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent

odor and belonging to the family of gases called

sulphur oxides (SOx)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Impact

1

Exposure to 100 parts of sulfur dioxide per million parts of air

(100 ppm) is considered immediately dangerous to life and
health.

Burning of the nose and throat, breathing difficulties, and

severe airway obstructions

Create secondary particulate

Visibility effect

Acid rain

short-term exposures to SO2, ranging from 5 minutes to 24

hours, with an array of adverse respiratory effects including
bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms (USEPA)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Properties

The emission of SO2 depends on the sulfur content of the fuel. SO2
contributes to acidification, together with NOx.
Impurities fuel
At atmospheric temperatures and pressure, sulfur dioxide is a colorless
vapor with a characteristic, pungent odor.
Liquid sulfur dioxide is heavier than water, having a specific gravity of
1.436 at 32F (0C).
As a vapor, sulfur dioxide is heavier than air, with a relative density of
2.2636 when compared to air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature
of 32F.
When heated about its critical temperature, 314.82F (157.12C), sulfur
dioxide can only exist as a vapor regardless of pressure.
Generally, undiluted (dry) sulfur dioxide is not corrosive to ordinary
metals; however, when small amounts of moisture are present, sulfur
dioxide will attack most metals.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Some SO2 Measurement

Ion chromatography
Titration
Calorimetry
Mass spectrometry
(pararosanilin method SNI 197119.7-2005)
Conductimetry
Amperometric detection
Flame photometric detection
Turbidimetry

Threshold
EPA 30 ppb annual average
140 ppb 24-h average
500 ppb 3-hour
average

Hydrocarbons (HC)
Definition

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms.

They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. (
http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/orgchem/hydrocarbons.html )

Source
Hydrocarbon emissions result from incomplete fuel combustion and from fuel
evaporation. (
http://www.epa.gov/oms/invntory/overview/pollutants/hydrocarbons.htm#nonro
ad

HC
Properties

Because of their relatively nonpolarity, all hydrocarbons are

insoluble in water
Strong odor
Combines with NOx to form ozone
Can be toxic to humans
Hydrocarbons include several hundreds organic substances,
created during the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
The most important hydrocarbons are benzene and ethylene.

Measurement

The method is based on the collection of chemicals from

ambient air into a filter and a polyurethane foam (PUF)
cartridge using a high volume sampler.
The sampler is operated at an optimum fl ow rate of 220 L/min
for up to 24 hours. The target compounds are extracted and
analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Definition

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a chemical

compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently
bonded to a single carbon atom
Source

Carbon dioxide is released during the combustion of fossil fuels. Its

emissions are directly dependent on the quantity of the fuel burned,
because there is no available technology for its subsequent removal.
The only way to lower CO2 emissions is to use fuels with less carbon
content or to lower fuel use by improving energy efficiency (CEI,
1999)

Impact

People who inhale too much carbon dioxide essentially

suffocate, ultimately falling into unconsciousness as their
oxygen saturation level drops.
Properties
The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2, and it takes
the form of two oxygen molecules covalently bonded to a
single carbon molecule. At room temperature, carbon dioxide
takes the form of an odorless, colorless gas which is
incombustible in normal conditions. Carbon dioxide can be
forced into a solid form, in which case it is known as dry ice,
and the gas is toxic to animals in high concentrations.

Molecular formula

CO2

Molar mass

44.01 g mol1

Exact mass

43.989829244 g mol1

Appearance

Colorless gas

Odor

Odorless

Density

1.562 g/mL (solid at 1 atm and

78.5 C)
0.770 g/mL (liquid at 56 atm and
20 C)
1.977 g/L (gas at 1 atm and 0 C)

Melting point

-78 C, 194.7 K, -109 F (subl.)

Boiling point

-57 C, 216.6 K, -70 F (at 5.185 bar)

Solubility in water

1.45 g/L at 25 C, 100 kPa

Acidity (pKa)

6.35, 10.33

Refractive index
(nD)

1.1120

Viscosity

0.07 cP at 78 C

Dipole moment

zero

Measurement
Method no.:
ID-172
Matrix:
Air
OSHA Permissible Exposure
Limits
Final Rule Limits:
10,000 ppm Time Weighted Average (TWA)
30,000 ppm Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
Transitional Limit:
5,000 ppm TWA
Collection Procedure:
Each sample is collected by drawing a known volume of air into a fivelayer gas sampling bag.
Recommended Air Volume: 2 to 5 liters
Recommended Sampling
Rates
TWA Determinations:
0.01 to 0.05 L/min (4 to 8 h sample)
STEL Determinations:
0.3 L/min (15-min sample)
Analytical Procedure:
A portion of the gas sample is introduced into a gas sampling loop,
injected into a gas chromatograph, and analyzed using a thermal
conductivity detector.
Detection Limits
Qualitative:
200 ppm
Quantitative:
500 ppm
Precision and Accuracy
Validation Range:
2,000 to 10,000 ppm
CVT:
0.026
-0.005
Bias:
5.7%
Overall Error:

Aldehydes
Definition

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the
structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl centre bonded to hydrogen and an R group. The group
without R is called the aldehyde group or formyl group.
Aldehydes are oxidation products of alcohols; phenols contain an alcohol functionality attached
to an aromatic ring.
Properties
Aldehydes have properties that are diverse and that depend on the remainder of the molecule.
Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde completely so. The
volatile aldehydes have pungent odors. Aldehydes degrade in air via the process of autoxidation.
The two aldehydes of greatest importance in industry, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, have
complicated behavior because of their tendency to oligomerize or polymerize. They also tend to
hydrate, forming the geminal diol. The oligomers/polymers and the hydrates exist in
equilibrium with the parent aldehyde.
Sources

The aldehydes are mainly produced by the combustion of alcohols and diesel fuel.
Gasoline combustion emits small amounts of these substances.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes

Impacts:

Acute Effects in Humans :

Aldehydes
Measurements : Using passive sampler (Tube

Sampler)

TRESHOLD
National

PP No.41 Tahun
1999

International

National
Ambient Air
Quality
Standards

Treshold

Threshold
PP No.41 Tahun 1999 about Prevention of Air Pollution
No.
1

Parameter

Waktu
Pengukuran
1 Jam

900 ug/Nm3

(Sulfur Dioksida)

CO
(Karbon Monoksida)

NO2

24 Jam
1 Thn
1 Jam
24 Jam
1 Thn
1 Jam

365 ug/Nm3
60 ug/Nm3
30.000 ug/Nm3
10.000 ug/Nm3
400 ug/Nm3

(Nitrogen Dioksida)

HC
(Hidro Karbon)
PM10

24 Jam
1 Thn
3 Jam

150 ug/Nm3
100 ug/Nm3
160 ug/Nm3

SO2

(Partikel < 10 um )
PM2,5 (*)

(Partikel < 2,5 um )

TSP
(Debu)
Pb
(Timah Hitam)

Baku Mutu

24 Jam

150 ug/Nm3

24 Jam

65 ug/Nm3

1 Thn
24 Jam
1 Thn
24 Jam
1 Thn

15 ug/Nm3
230 ug/Nm3
90 ug/Nm3
2 ug/Nm3
1 ug/Nm3

Threshold
Substance

Permitted ambient concentrations

(NAAQS)a

Sulfur dioxide

80 g/m3 (0,03 ppm)b annual

average 365 g/m3 (0,14 ppm),
24-h average c

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

0,053 ppm (100 g/m3 ), annual

average

Carbon monoxide

9 ppm (10 mg/m3 ), 8-h average

35 ppm (40 mg/m3 ), 1-h average
50 g/m3 , annual average. 150
g/m3 24-h average.

Particulate Matter (PM10 )

a

The NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) are current EPA values.

Comparation of Threshold
Pollutant
Carbonmonoksida
Lead

Averaging time
8hour
1hour

PP no. 41/1999
30ppm

NAAQS *
9ppm
35ppm

3mont hs
1year
24hour

0,0015ppm
0,001ppm
0,23pppm

Nitrogendioksida

1ho ur
24hours

0,4ppm
0,150ppm

PM10

24hour

0,150ppm

PM2.5

24hour

0,035ppm

Ozone

8hour

0.08ppm

Sulphurdioksida

Annualmean
24hour
1hour

0,06ppm
0,365ppm
0,9ppm

0.053ppm
0,150ppm

0.03ppm
0.14ppm

Regulation

Regulation
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency)

Primary
standards

Secondary
standards

set limits to
protect public
health, including
the health of
"sensitive"
populations such
as asthmatics,
children, and the
elderly

set limits to
protect public
welfare, including
protection against
decreased
visibility, damage
to animals, crops,
vegetation, and
buildings

Regulation

UU No.32 Tahun 2009 about Environmental Management

Kepmenlh No 35/MENLH/10/1993 about threshold of motor

vehicle exhaust emission

PP No.41/ 1999 about Prevention of Air Pollution

Peraturan Daerah No. 2 tahun

2005 about Environmental
Management

Gubernatorial Degree No.

95/2000 about emissions
inspection and maintenance of
private passenger cars in the
provinces of DKI Jakarta

Weakness of Regulation

Not mention about the source of fund

Pollution prevention based on command

and control , theres no incentive system
Air pollution viewed as one sectorql
problem. In fact air pollution multi
sectoral problems

Pollution Prevention

Pollution Prevention

Construction
Pollution
Prevention
Operational

Pollution Prevention Operational

Transport

Source

Receptor

Pollution Prevention Operational

Source

Source
Reduction

Technical

Management

Pollution Prevention Operational

Source - Technical

Pollution Prevention Operational

Source - Technical

Pollution Prevention Operational

Source - Management

Pollution Prevention Operational

Source - Management
Changes in public transport policy
Air Quality Monitoring Program
Emission Control Program from mobile source (Motor
Vehicles)
Emission Control Program from fixed source (Industrial)
Partnership Program (Clean Emission Appreciation
Movement)
Alternative Fuels Utilization Program -Fuel Gas (CNG)
Air Quality Restoration Program (Car Free Day and
greening of the City / Green Open Space)
Utilization Program of Non-Fossil Fuel Biodiesel
Transportation Management Program

Pollution Prevention Operational

Transport

Pollution Prevention Operational

Receptor
Pemakaian Masker

Case Study
UNIVERSAL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (UTMS) IN JAPAN

In Japan today, the upgrading of traffic control systems is required to solve

traffic problems such as the increase of traffic accidents and aggravated traffic
jams.
The National Police Agency, Japan (NPA) which governs Japanese traffic
management is faced with re-investigation of their concept of the traffic control
system, and the NPA has been promoting the introduction of an advanced traffic
management system called Universal Traffic Management System (UTMS)
based on this new concept.
UTMS Japan was established in April 1993. There are four aspects of an
automatic traffic control system:

Optimum control of a signal control system

The traffic information supply system
The advanced traffic control system supported by a traffic data acquisition system with lower
costs and higher performance
The goals of UTMS.

Study Case - Japan

References
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/pqrs/primary-pollutant-secondary-pollutant.htm
http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/comp/co.html
http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/leadfs.html
http://www.stadtklima.de/cities/asia/id/djakarta/AirPollution.pdf
www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/1792.pdf
www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajes/ajes12110-118.pdf
http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/in-depth/TomorrowsCrisesToday-Chapter7.pdf
http://bplhd.jakarta.go.id/filing/Clean%20Air%20Scorecard%20City%20Report%20-%20Jak

arta.pdf
http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajes/ajes12110-118.pdf
www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/node/3776
http://www.citiesforcleanair.org/documents/Air%20Quality%20Planning%20for%20Jakarta.

pdf
http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/Product_Information/Literature/Application_Notes/EN

V-001-Environmental_Monitoring-A4.pdf
http://www.citiesforcleanair.org/documents/Air%20Quality%20Planning%20for%20Jakarta.

pdf

Question and Answer

1.

Can NO2 become NO again? (is it reversible?)

If NO that is produced does not reach local

concentrations high enough to trigger the oxidation
of atmospheric in a state that is relatively efficient,
then the NO2 would be reduced back to NO with the
help of ultraviolet radiation with the reaction as
follows:
NO2 + NO + O

Question and Answer

2. Has the government make a program to limit the number of

motorcycle in Jakarta?
There is no regulation to limit the number of motorcycle in Jakarta.
Theres a lot of factor to consider from economy, social etc. But our
government has the regulation to test the vehicle emmision based on
regulation
. Kepmenlh No 35/MENLH/10/1993 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang

kendaraan bermotor
. Kepmenlh No. 141/2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang tipe baru da
kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi
. Keputusan Gubernur propinsi daerah khusus ibukota Jakarta No. 95/2000
tentang pemeriksaan emisi dan perawatan mobil penumpang pribadi di
propinsi DKI Jakarta

Question and Answer

3. If the pollutant already emitted, what can we do?

First thing we can do is by using mask to protect our

inhalation. Or we can plant trees in front of our
house to make vegetation as a barrier.