PHY-2049

Current & Circuits

February 08

News
Quiz Today
Examination #2 is on Wednesday of next week
(2/4/09)
It covers potential, capacitors, resistors and any
material covered through Monday on DC
circuits.
No review session on Wednesday Exam Day!

H
ot
,

H
ot
H

ot

A closed circuit

Power in DC Circuit

In time t, a charge Q is pushed through

the resistor by the battery. The amount of work

done by the battery is :

W VQ
Power :
W
Q
V
VI
t
t
Power P IV I IR I 2 R
2
E
P I 2 R IV
R

Lets add resistors .

SERIES Resistors

R1
Series Combinations

R2

V1

V2
V

V1 iR1
V2 iR2
and
V V1 V2 iR iR1 iR2
R R1 R2
general :
R( series ) Ri
i

The rod in the figure is made of two materials.

The figure is not drawn to scale. Each conductor
has a square cross section 3.00 mm on a side.
The first material has a resistivity of 4.00 10
3 m and is 25.0 cm long, while the second
material has a resistivity of 6.00 103 m
and is 40.0 cm long. What is the resistance
between the ends of the rod?

Parallel Combination??
R1, I1

V iR
V V V
i i1 i2

R1 R2 R

R2, I2

so..
1
1
1

R1 R2 R
general
1
1

R
i Ri

Whats This???

In the figure, find the

equivalent resistance
between points
(a) F and H and [2.5]
(b) F and G. [3.13]

 (a) Find the equivalent resistance between

points a and b in Figure P28.6. (b) A potential
difference of 34.0 V is applied between points a
and b. Calculate the current in each resistor.

Power Source in a Circuit

The ideal battery does work on charges moving

them (inside) from a lower potential to one that is
V higher.

A REAL Power Source

is NOT an ideal battery

Internal Resistance

E or Emf is an idealized device that does an

amount of work E to move a unit charge from one
side to another.
By the way . this is called a circuit!

A Physical (Real) Battery

Intern
al Re
sista
nce

Emf
i
rR

Which is brighter?

Which is Brighter???

Which is Brighter

Back to Potential
Change in potential as one circuits
this complete circuit is ZERO!

Represents a charge in space

Consider a circuit.

This trip around the circuit is the same as a path

through space.
THE CHANGE IN POTENTIAL FROM a AROUND
THE CIRCUIT AND BACK TO a is ZERO!!

To remember
In a real circuit, we can neglect the resistance of the
wires compared to the resistors.
We can therefore consider a wire in a circuit to be an
equipotential the change in potential over its length
is slight compared to that in a resistor

A resistor allows current to flow from a high potential

to a lower potential.
The energy needed to do this is supplied by the
battery.

W qV

NEW LAWS PASSED BY THIS SESSION OF THE

FLORIDUH LEGISLATURE.
LOOP EQUATION
The sum of the voltage drops (or rises) as one
completely travels through a circuit loop is zero.
Sometimes known as Kirchoffs loop equation.

NODE EQUATION
The sum of the currents entering (or leaving) a
node in a circuit is ZERO

TWO resistors again

i

R1
V1

V iR iR1 iR2

R2
V2
V

or
R R1 R2
General for SERIES Resistors
R Rj
j

A single real resistor can be modeled

as follows:
R
a

position
ADD ENOUGH RESISTORS, MAKING THEM SMALLER
AND YOU MODEL A CONTINUOUS VOLTAGE DROP.

We start at a point in the circuit and travel

around until we get back to where we started.
If the potential rises well it is a rise.
If it falls it is a fall OR a negative rise.
We can traverse the circuit adding each rise or
drop in potential.
The sum of all the rises around the loop is zero.
A drop is a negative rise.
The sum of all the drops around a circuit is zero.
A rise is a negative drop.
Your choice rises or drops. But you must
remain consistent.

Take a trip around this circuit.

Consider voltage DROPS:

rise

-E +ir +iR = 0
or
E=ir + iR

Circuit Reduction

i=E/Req

Reduction

Computes i

Another Reduction Example

1
1
1
50
1

R 20 30 600 12
R 12

PARALLEL

Battery
A battery applies a potential difference between
its terminals.
Whatever else is connected (circuits, etc.), the
potential between the points remains the same:
the battery potential.

Take a trip around this circuit.

Consider voltage DROPS:

rise

-E +ir +iR = 0
or
E=ir + iR

Multiple Batteries

START by assuming a
DIRECTION for each Current

Lets write the equations.

In the figure, all the resistors have a resistance of 4.0 and all the (ideal)
batteries have an emf of 4.0 V. What is the current through resistor R?

Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Find (a) the current in the
20.0- resistor and (b) the potential difference between points a and b.

Using Kirchhoffs rules, (a) find the current in each resistor in Figure P28.24.
(b) Find the potential difference between points c and f. Which point is at the
higher potential?

The Unthinkable .

RC Circuit
Initially, no current through
the circuit
Close switch at (a) and
current begins to flow until
the capacitor is fully charged.
If capacitor is charged and
switch is switched to (b)
discharge will follow.

Close the Switch

I need to use E for E

Note RC = (Volts/Amp)(Coul/Volt)
= Coul/(Coul/sec) = (1/sec)

Really Close the Switch

Loop Equation

I need to use E for E

Note RC = (Volts/Amp)(Coul/Volt)
= Coul/(Coul/sec) = (1/sec)

q
E iR 0
C
dq
since i
dt
dq q
R
E
dt C
or
dq
q
E

dt RC R

differential
equation.
This is a

To solve we need what is called a particular

solution as well as a general solution.
We often do this by creative guessing and then
matching the guess to reality.
You may or may not have studied this topic
but you WILL!

General Solution
q q p Ke at
Look at particular solution :
dq
q
E

dt RC R
When the device is fully charged, dq/dt 0 and
q p CE
When t 0, q 0 and from solution
0 CE K
K -CE
dq
q
E

and q CE(1 - e -at )

dt RC R
CE (ae at ) CE(1 - e -at ) E / R
for t 0
CEa 0 E/R
a

E
1

RCE RC

Time Constant

RC

Result q=CE(1-e-t/RC)

q=CE(1-e-t/RC) and i=(CE/RC) et/RC

E t / RC
i e
R

Discharging a Capacitor
qinitial=CE BIG SURPRISE! (Q=CV)
i

iR+q/C=0
dq q
R
0
dt C
solution
q q0 e t / RC
q0 t / RC
dq
i

e
dt
RC