Classes #13, 14, 15

Civil Engineering Materials CIVE 2110

Combined Stress
Fall 2010
Dr. Gupta
Dr. Pickett
1

Combined Stresses
Assume:
Linear Stress-Strain relationship
Elastic Stress-Strain relationship
Homogeneous material
Isotropic material
Small deformations
Stress determined far away from
points of stress concentrations
(Saint-Venant principle)

Combined Stresses

Procedure:
Draw free body diagram.
Obtain external reactions.
Cut a cross section, draw free body diagram.
Draw force components acting through centroid.
Compute Moment loads about centroidal axis.
Compute Normal stresses associated with each load.
Compute resultant Normal Force.
Compute resultant Shear Force.
Compute resultant Bending Moments.
Compute resultant Torsional Moments.
Combine resultants (Normal, Shear, Moments) from all
loads.

Combined Stress

-Example:

# 8.6
-Pg. 451-452
-Hibbeler, 7th edition

Combined Stress

-Example:

# 8.6
-Pg. 451-452
-Hibbeler, 7th edition

-Problem:

Combined Stress

# 8-43, 8-44

-Pg.

458
-Hibbeler, 7th edition
Remember:
for Shear Stress

Areas and Centroids,

Mechanics of Materials, 2nd ed,
Timoshenko, p. 727

Stress Transformation
General State of Stress:
- 3 dimensional
Six stresses x , y , z , xy , xz , yz

Remember:

xy yx
xz zx
yz zy

Stress Transformation
General State of Stress:
- 3 dimensional

Six stresses x , y , z , xy , xz , yz

Plane Stress
- 2 dimensional

Three

stresses x , y , xy

Remember:

xy yx
xz zx
yz zy

Stress
Transformation
Plane Stress
2 dimensional
Stress Components are:
x xx Normal Stress on X face in X Direction + = CCW, upward
on right face
y yy Normal Stress on Y face in Y Direction

xy yx
xy Shear Stress on X face in Y

Direction

yx Shear Stress on Y face in X

Direction

Plane Stress
Transformation
State of Plane Stress
at a POINT
May need to be determined
In various
ORIENTATIONS, .

+ = CCW, upward on
right face

Plane Stress
Transformation
Must determine: x '

y' x' y'

To represent the same stress as:

y xy

Must transform:
Stress magnitude
- direction
Area magnitude
- direction

+ = CCW, upward
on right face

Steps for
Plane Stress
Transformation
To determine x ' and x ' y '
acting on X face,
:

- Draw free body diagram

at orientation .
- Apply equilibrium equations:
Fx=0 and Fy=0
by multiplying stresses
Ax = (A)Cos
on each face
by the area of each face.

Ay = (A)Sin

Steps for
Plane Stress
Transformation
To determine y '
acting on Y face,
:

- Draw free body diagram

at orientation .
- Apply equilibrium equations:
Fx=0 and Fy=0
by multiplying stresses
on each face
by the area of each face.
- Remember:

x' y ' y 'x'

Ax = (A)Sin

Ay = (A)Cos

Plane Stress Transformation

-Problem:
-Pg.

# 9-6, 9-9, 9-60

484
-Hibbeler, 7th edition

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation
A simpler method,
General Equations:
- Draw free body diagram
at orientation .
- Apply equilibrium equations:
Fx=0 and Fy=0
by multiplying stresses
on each face
by the area of each face.
- Sign Convention:
+ = Normal Stress = Tension
+ = CCW, upward on
+ = Shear Stress = CCW, Upward on right face
right face
+ = = CCW from + X axis

x' y ' y 'x'

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation

- Draw free body diagram

at orientation .
- Apply equilibrium equations:
Fx=0 and Fy=0
by multiplying stresses
on each face
by the area of each face.
- Sign Convention:
+ = Normal Stress = Tension
+ = Shear Stress =
+ = CCW, Upward on right face, + = CCW, upward
+ = = CCW from + X axis
on right face

x' y ' y 'x'

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation
Fx ' 0

0 x ' A

x ACos Cos

ACos Sin
ASin Sin
xy ASin Cos
xy
y

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation

factor out

x ' x Cos 2 2 xy SinCos y Sin 2

1 Cos 2
Sin 2
1 Cos 2
x' x
2 xy
y

2
2
2

y y Cos 2
x x Cos 2
x'

xy Sin 2

2
2
2
2
x y x y

Cos 2 xy Sin 2
x '
2
2

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation
Fy ' 0

0 x ' y ' A

x ACos Sin

ACos Cos
ASin Cos
xy ASin Sin
xy
y

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation

factor out

x ' y ' xy Cos 2 y SinCos xy Sin 2 x CosSin

x' y'

1 Cos 2
1 Cos 2
Sin 2
Sin 2
xy
xy
y
x

2
2
2
2

1 Cos 2 1 Cos 2
Sin 2

y
x
2
2

x ' y ' xy
x' y'

x y
Sin 2
xy Cos 2
2

Equations
Plane Stress
Transformation
for y '

set 90

note : Cos 2 Cos 2 90 Cos 2 180 Cos 2

note : Sin 2 Sin 2 90 Sin 2 180 Sin 2

x y x y

Cos 2 xy Sin 2
previously
x '
2
2

x y x y

Cos 2 xy Sin 2
consequently y '
2
2

Equations of
Plane Stress Transformation
The equations for the transformation of
Plane Stress are:
x y
x '
2

x y

Cos 2 xy Sin 2
2

x y x y

Cos 2 xy Sin 2
y '
2
2

x y
Sin 2
x ' y ' xy Cos 2
2

Plane Stress Transformation

-Problem:
-Pg.

# 9-6, 9-9, 9-60

484
-Hibbeler, 7th edition