faculty of biotechnology and life

science

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE

RESPONSE TO

EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
Group Members

 DAYANA ‘AMIRAH BT.DARUS 4081017391

 MANIZHEH KHALIPOUR FARSHBAFI 4081022241
 MOHAMED ALI MOHAMUD 4072012671
 NORMAZATULIZMA MOHAMAD 4081023341
 NOR FARIDAH MOHD SAID 4081028481
 RASYIDAH MISWANDI 4081025401
 ROSLINA JAMALUDIN 4081021941
Immune system
Adaptive immune response
B cell
 Effector functions of
antibodies

 Neutralization of
microbes and their
toxins by binding to
their surface and
neutralize it by
blocking their active
sites.
 Opsonization of
microbes (binding to
Fc receptors on
phagocytes; at the
same time, stimulation
of microbicidal
activities of
phagocytes) and also
tagging the pathogen.
 Activation of the complement system both IgG
and IgM trigger the complement system which
results in cell lysis and inflammation.
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
(White Blood Cells)

Other Types of
lymphocytes
WBC

T cells B Cells NK Cells Eosinophils Macrophages

 Killer T cells- They find
T CELLS !! specifically coded
infected cells, and then
Helper T cells- secrete
lymphokines that direct B destroy them with
cells into producing cytotoxins. They may be
antibodies and also direct directed by Helper T
the Killer T cells as to cells
which cell they get to
eliminate.

Memory T cells- Suppressor T cells- in

derived from Helper T charge of slowing and
cells, have the same stopping the immune
properties as their response after the foreign
parent cell, and substance is destroyed.
circulates until the
body encounters the
pathogen its parent
cells were designer for.
T Cells Activation
II. Second Line of Defense
1. Phagocytosis:
 Derived from the Greek words “Eat and cell”.
 Phagocytosis is carried out by white blood cells:
macrophages, neutrophils, and occasionally
eosinophils.
 Neutrophils predominate early in infection.
 Wandering macrophages: Originate from monocytes
that leave blood and enter infected tissue, and
develop into phagocytic cells.
 Fixed Macrophages (Histiocytes): Located in liver,
nervous system, lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow,
and several other tissues.
Phagocytic Cells: Macrophages (Monocytes),
Neutrophils, and Eosinophils

(Macrophages)
Stages of Phagocytosis
1. Chemotaxis: Phagocytes are chemically attracted to
site of infection.
2. Adherence: Phagocyte plasma membrane attaches
to surface of pathogen or foreign material.
 Adherence can be inhibited by capsules (S.
pneumoniae) or M protein (S. pyogenes).
 Opsonization: Coating process with opsonins that
facilitates attachment.
 Opsonins include antibodies and complement proteins.
Phagocytes are Attracted to Site
of Infection by Chemotaxis
Stages of Phagocytosis (Continued)
3. Ingestion: Plasma membrane of phagocytes
extends projections (pseudopods) which engulf the
microbe. Microbe is enclosed in a sac called
phagosome.
4. Digestion: Inside the cell, phagosome fuses with
lysosome to form a phagolysosome.
Lysosomal enzymes kill most bacteria within 30
minutes and include:
 Lysozyme: Destroys cell wall peptidoglycan
 Lipases and Proteases
 RNAses and DNAses
After digestion, residual body with undigestable
material is discharged.
Process of Phagocytosis
 Conclusions

 The most common disease-causing microbes are

bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Each uses a different
tactic to infect a person, and, therefore, each is thwarted
by different components of the immune system.

Virus Protozoa Bacteria

 There are two mains sites where pathogens may reside:
extracellular in tissue spaces or intracellular within a host
cell, and the immune system has different ways of
dealing with pathogens at these sites.
 Most bacteria live in the spaces between cells and are
readily attacked by antibodies.
 Antibodies are the primary defense against extracellular
pathogens. When antibodies attach to a bacterium; they
send signals to complement proteins and phagocytic
cells to destroy the bound microbes.
 Some bacteria are eaten directly by phagocytes, which
signal to certain T cells to join the attack.
Summary:

 Macrophages are able to launch the first

strike…
 more help is needed to overcome rapidly
reproducing invaders…
 Help from the ADAPTIVE IMMUNE System
results in a coordinated successful defense !
 Major players the B lymphocytes
THANK YOU ……..