Lecture No.

1
Structure & Physical Properties
- Polarity, Melting & Boiling Point
At the end of this lecture, student will be able
to

Define electronegativity, polarity and dipole

moment
Differentiate between polar and non polar covalent
bond
Relate dipole moment with the geometry of the
molecule
Relate melting and boiling point with the structure
1
the molecule
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Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
Increases from left to right across a period on
the periodic table
High for the nonmetals with fluorine as the
highest
Low for the metals
Differences in electronegativity between two
atoms - used to predict the type of covalent
bond

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Electronegativity Contd
Electronegativities of selected elements

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Electronegativity Contd
Electronegativity and bond types

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Bond Polarity
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
Difference in electronegativity
Example

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Bond Polarity Contd

Non polar covalent bond
Equal sharing of electrons
No difference in electronegativity
Example

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H: H

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Bond Polarity Contd

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Dipole Moment
Dipole negative end and positive end

Measurement of polarity
Dipole moment = exd
e = charge in esu
d = distance between the charges
Unit Debye

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Dipole Moment Contd

Represented by

Example

Molecular polarity
Dipole moment in a molecule depends on
Individual bond dipole moments
Geometry of the molecule

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Dipole Moment Contd

Dipole moments of commonly
encountered bonds

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Molecular Polarity
Polarity and shape of the molecule

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Molecular Polarity Contd

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Molecular Polarity Contd

Dipole moment in H20 & NH3

Importance of dipole moment

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Melting Point
Ionic compounds
Strong interionic forces
More energy required to overcome the
interionic forces
High melting point
Melting of an ionic crystal units
are ions

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Melting Point Contd

Non ionic compounds
Weak intermolecular forces
Low melting point
Melting of a non ionic crystal units
are molecules

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Boiling Point
Ionic compounds
Strong interionic forces
More energy required for the ions to break
away from the liquid
High boiling point
Boiling of an ionic liquid units are
ions & ion pairs

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Boiling Point Contd

Non ionic compounds
Weak intermolecular forces
Low boiling point
Boiling of a non ionic liquid units are
molecules

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Summary
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons
Covalent bond is polar if it joins atoms that differ
in electronegativity
Extent of polarity is measured by dipole moment
Dipole moment in a molecule depends on the
individual bond dipole moments and the
geometry of the molecule
Melting point, boiling point of a compound
depends on the kind of bonds that holds its atoms
together

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