MATERIAL SCIENCE

FTB 11203
TENSILE AND HARDNESS

Muhammad Ikhwan Bin Banis

50213215241
Hidayat Bin Johari
50213215337

INTRODUCTION
Two basic quantities:
Stress
Measures the force required to deform or break a material.
Strain
Measures the elongation for a given load.

3 TYPE OF STRESS
There are three types of stress:
Tensile
Compression
Shear
The tension and compression are called direct stresses.

STRAIN
Strain is defined as the ratio of increase in length to original length.
Specifically, when force is applied to the wire, its length L increases, while its
cross-sectional area A decreases, as sketched:

The dimensions of strain are unity, i.e. strain is non dimensional.

WHAT IS TENSILE
Tensile strength is a measurement of the resistance to being pulled apart when placed in a
tension load.
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be
subjected to before failure.
There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:
1. Yield strength
The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation,
causing it to deform permanently.
2. Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand.
3. Breaking strength
The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

TENSILE TEST
Tensile test are carried out on standard size and shape(dog bone).

Example of tensile test specimen (ASTM E8)

Engineering stress = Force/Original cross Sectional Area (Newtons/

=

Engineering strain = Extension / Original gauge length (mm/mm)

STRESS AND STRAIN FOR

TENSILE
Used to describe the effects of an increasing tensile force on a material
during a tensile test.
Stress relates the force on specimen to the cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Strain relates the elongation of a specimen to the original gauge length of the
specimen.

HARDNESS TESTING
Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic
deformation, usually by penetration.The term hardness may also refer to
resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.

HARDNESS TESTING METHODS:

Rockwell Hardness Test
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Testing
Brinell Hardness Test
Vickers Hardness Test
Knoop Hardness Testing

The usual method to achieve a hardness value is to measure the depth or

area of an indentation left by an indenter of a specific shape, with a specific
force applied for a specific time. There are three principal standard test
methods for expressing the relationship between hardness and the size of the
impression, these being Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell. For practical and
calibration reasons, each of these methods is divided into a range of scales,
defined by a combination of applied load and indenter geometry.

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

used to test materials that have a structure that is too coarse or that have a
surface that is too rough to be tested using another test method, e.g.,
castings and forgings.
often use a very high test load (3000 kgf) and a 10mm wide indenter.

Brinell Hardness Test

With the Brinell test, a hardened steel ball or tungsten carbide ball is pressed
for a time of 10 to 30 seconds into the surface of specimen by a standard
load F (kgf). After the load and the ball have been removed, the diameter of
the indentation, d (mm) is measured. The Brinell hardness number (BHN or
HB), is obtained by dividing the size of the load applied by the surface area of
the spherical indentation A (mm2).

Where b (mm is the depth of indentation, D (mm) is the diameter of the ball.
The Brinell test cannot be used with very soft or very hard materials with
hardnesses up to 450HB with a hardened steel ball and 600 HB with a
tungsten carbide ball.

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST

referred as a microhardness test method,used for small parts, thin sections, or case depth
work.
useful for testing on a wide type of materials as long as test samples are carefully prepared.
A square base pyramid shaped diamond is used for testing in the Vickers scale.
Typically, a load of 30kg is used for steels and cast iron, 10kg for copper alloys, 5kg for pure
copper and aluminum alloys, 2.5kg for aluminum and 1kg for lead, tin and tin alloys. Up to a
hardness value of about 300 HV, the hardness value number given by the Vickers test is the
same as that given by the Brinell test.

The Vickers hardness number (VHN or VH) is obtained by dividing the size of
the load F (kgf), is applied by the surface area, A (mm2), of the indentation.
Thus, the VHN or HV is given by
VHN =
Load (kg)/Surface Area (mm2)
:

1.85 F/ d^2

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

used on all metals, except in condition where the test metal structure or surface
conditions would introduce too much variations; where the indentations would be too
large for the application; or where the sample size or sample shape prohibits its use.
Formula : HR= E-e
>Differs from the Brinell and Vickers test in not obtaining a value for the hardness in
terms of an indentation but using the depth of indentation, this depth being directly
indicated by a pointer on a calibrated scale. The tests use either a diamond cone or a
hardened steel ball as the indenter.