Synchronous Motor Drives

Characteristic of Induction Motors.

3000RPM

1500RPM

4kw

7.8A, .87pf

8.2A, .82pf

9A, .74pf

11A, .63pf

22kw

39A, .87pf

41A, .83pf

42A, .80pf

47A, .74pf

110kw

182A, .90pf

200A, .84pf

205A, .80pf

203A, .81pf

150kw

242A, .90pf

265A, .87pf

279A, .80pf

278A, .77pf

185kw

310A, .88pf

315A, .86pf

343A, .80pf

348A, .78pf

220kw

362A, .89pf

375A, .86pf

408A, .78pf

412A, .78pf

What is the
tendency as RPM
gets lower?

1000RPM

750RPM

Lower the RPM,

Larger value IS
More lagging
IS

So why use a Synchronous Motor?

Low Speed Drives:
Low speed induction motors draw very large currents at
poor power factors. This cannot be altered or corrected.
In synchronous motors, the p.f. can be altered to cause the
motor to draw minimum current. (The alternative is to use
a high speed induction motor through a gearbox.)

Power Factor Correction

Constant Speed drives
Above 20 MW, IM are not available.
These can be constructed with a rating ( fraction of kW
upto 80 MW)

Applications of S.M.
Computer peripheral equipments
Robotics
Large Compressors
Heat Pumps
Stone Crushers
Paper and Cement Industry

Synchronous Machine

Electrical
Power

Stator

DC
Supply
Rotor

Stator Construction

Same as an induction motor.

Stator Construction
A1

2-Pole Machine
ie. 3000RPM

A2

Stator Construction

Construction
A1

C2

2-Pole Machine
ie. 3000RPM
S
B2

B1
N
Notice that for a two
pole stator we have a
2-pole rotor
C1

A2

Rotor
1. Permanent Magnet
2. Wound Rotor
Smooth Cylindrical

Salient Pole

Production of stator Magnetic Field

1

N
S

S
+
Flux

Time->

Resultant flux =
1.5 x flux of one phase
11

Production of stator Magnetic Field

2

N
S

+
Flux

Time->

S
Resultant flux =
1.5 x flux of one phase
12

Production of stator Magnetic Field

3 4 5 6
+
Flux

Time->

13

Production of stator Magnetic Field

1 2 3 4 5 6
+
Flux

Time->

So the flux rotates one full rev in one cycle,

for our two pole machine.
14

Stator Magnetic Field

Because the flux is a constant value, it
gives:
1. Very quiet operation
2. Constant torque as the rotor rotates.

Ns = 120 f/P
where Ns = Speed of Stator RMF in
RPM
f = frequency
P = Number of poles (per
phase).
This rotating magnetic field rotates at:
3000RPM for a 2-pole motor
1500RPM for a 4-pole motor
15

Working Principle

As the rotating magnetic field rotates, the

rotor is locked in synchronism with it and is
dragged along for the ride.
16

Working Principle

As the rotating magnetic field rotates, the

rotor is locked in synchronism with it and is
dragged along for the ride.
17

Working of S.M.

What will happen as a load is put on the

shaft?
18

What will happen as a load is put on the

shaft?
19

The load tries to slow it down.

But it must do synchronous speed!
So it stretches the lines of flux.
20

C/L of Rotor Field

C/L of RMF
Torque Angle

21

If the lines stretch to breaking point (ie too much load),

then the rotor stalls
This is referred to as Pull Out Torque.

22

What would the Torque Curve look like?

Torque
Torque Curve for an
induction motor

RPM

Ns
23

What would the Torque Curve look like?

Pull out
Torque
Torque Curve for a
Synchronous Motor
Torque
Zero Torque below
synchronous speed
0

RPM

Ns
24

Simplified Phasor Diagram

Torque due
to excitation

Torque due to Salient Pole

Called Reluctance torque

Torque due to smooth cylindrical Rotor

Torque depends on Induced EMF E(field excitation) and supply voltage

Modified speed torque

characteristics
Speed depends on frequency of supply and no of poles
To get variable speed, supply frequency need to be

changed
Need variable frequency sources
Constant air gap flux has to be maintained, ie. to keep

iron losses within limits and maintaining same torque

Need to vary supply voltage in some proportion with

variation in frequency
Need to keep excitation constant

Synchronous motor with sinusoidal

excitation

Synchronous motor with Trapezoidal

excitation

Load Commutated Inverter Drive

Cycloconverter