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A scanning tunnelling
microscope (STM) is
used to observe
atoms.
Atoms have an
average diameter of
about 0.1nm.
In 1897, JJ Thomson
Daltons model
Small solid
spherical ball
Thomsons model
Electrons
distributed among
a continuous mass
of positive charges
Electrons orbiting
around a small,
dense positively
charged nucleus
Niel Bohr
Electrons move
round the nucleus
in fixed orbits
Quantum Model
Electrons move
randomly and not
in fixed orbits
They are most
likely to be found
in the orbitals
Subatomic particles
Proton (+1) mass =1
Electron ( -1) mass = 1/1840
Neutron ( 0 ) mass= 1
Is an atom charged?
Au
79
Mg
12
Mg
12
Atomic number
Atoms can be
represented by
circles, spheres
or balls of
different colours
and sizes.
Practice
Carbon
Nucleon
=mass Number
Proton
Number
Number of
protons
Number of
electrons
Number of
neutrons
Oxygen
Journal
12
16
6
8
6
8
6
8
Boron
Sodium
11
5
5
5
23
11
11
11
2311=12
27
Classwork
Workbk Pg 111-115a
Positive ion
Negative ion
Bonding
Overall process
Atoms
Bonding
Ions
Valency
1
lead(II)
copper(II)
magnesium
calcium
zinc
barium
iron(II)
Pb2+
Cu2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Zn2+
Ba2+
Fe2+
*sulfate
sulfite
*carbonate
oxide
Sulfide
SO4 2SO32CO32O2S2-
iron(III)
aluminium
Fe3+
Al3+
*phosphate
PO4 3-
A molecule is
made up of two
or more atoms
combined
together.
Molecules of elements
Molecules of compounds
Ions
Chemical formulae
Examples
Oxygen is O2 and methane is CH4
Picture references
Democritus
http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/democritus_1628_Brugghen.jpg
John Dalton
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8421&rendTypeId=4
J J Thomson
http://www.aip.org/history/electron/images/jj-equip.jpg
Niels Bohr
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/sciart/copenhagen/nyc/index.htm
Quantum Model
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/atom-quantum.jpg
Plum pudding
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plum_pudding_atom.svg/348px-Plum_pudding_atom.svg.png
Rutherfods model
http://www.faqs.org/docs/qp/images/rfmodel.gif
Bohrs model
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohrframe/bohr2.gif
Picture references
Atom
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png
STM
http://www.phys.unt.edu/stm/images/STM-side_view.JPG
Molecule spheres of different colours
http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/GBTMolecules/molecules.JPG
Ball and stick model
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/so4clust.jpg
Ions
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/ions.gif
Air molecules
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/AirWeBreathe/Comp/AirAtomsMolecules.jpg
Molecules of elements and compounds
http://www.eoearth.org/upload/thumb/2/24/Compounds_molecules.jpg/300px-Compounds_molecules.jpg
Sodium chloride lattice
http://www.rkm.com.au/imagelibrary/thumbnails/SALT-NaCl-2-150.jpg