INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

PRESENTATION

MTNL
PRESENTED BY:PUNEET KUMAR
STUDENT OF ECE DEPARTMENT
ROLL NO: 1214331110

CONTENTS
2

Introduction to company.
Training Profile.
Telephony.
Switching Network.
Types of switches.
Types of Exchanges.
Transmission Network.
Optical fibers.
Splice.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY
3

MTNL stands for Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited .It is

state-owned telecommunication service provider in the metro
cities Mumbai & New-Delhi in India.
Transparency makes us different is the motto of the company.
MTNL was set up on 1 April 1986 by the Government of India
with the aim of upgrading the quality of telecom services,
expanding the telecom network, introducing new services &
raising revenue for the telecom development.
Its main goal is to remain market leader in providing world class
telecom & IT related services at affordable prices & be a global
player.
It also aims at venturing into other areas in India and abroad on
strengthening to compete with core companies.

TRAINING PROFILE
4

While undergoing training at ITTM the following topics were explained and
Labs were imparted on them :-

TELEPHONY
SWITCHING NETWORK
TRANSMISSION NETWORK

INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONY
5

What is a Telephone ?
A device to speak over long distances, much beyond their range
of voice.
1876 - First Basic Telephone designed by Alexender Graham
Bell.
1882 - First telephone exchange established in Calcutta.
1911 - First telephone exchange established in Delhi.

A Basic Telecommunication System

6

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A TELEPHONE SET

7

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To indicate a Received call by means of some

audible signalling components.
Apply an answering condition to stop the ringing
condition.
Convert speech energy into electrical Energy for
transmission to distant telephone.
Convert Received electrical energy to acoustical
energy.
Disconnect call at the completion of conversation.
Generate electrical information from Transmitter
to establish a call to another telephone service.

COMPONENTS OF A TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT

8

Transmitter
Carbon Type- Converts acoustical energy to electrical
energy.
RECEIVER
Magnetic Diaphragm Type-Converts electrical energy
into acoustical energy.

PROGRESS OF EXCHANGES
9

Manual Exchanges---- Magneto & CB (Central Battery) Mostly used in

Railways..
(All calls were connected by operators manually)
AUTOMATIC
PABX(Private Automatic branch Xges).. Extn to Extn calls were
automaticOG & IC were thru operators..(Some given 0 facility to get
direct junctions.)
Strowger -Step By step Control (Call process under control of digits
dialled by Sub.)
Cross-Bar Common Control Equipment ---The CCE is seized only
during call establishment.
SPC(store Programme Control)- All softwares like call
processing,subs database ,maintenance & Operating System all are stored
in memory of Central Processor-Analog Switching.
Digital Exchanges E10B --- OCB283 --- AXE10--- 5ESS --- EWSD

SWITCHING NETWORK
10

Switch:

Connection
of inputs
to outputs

1
2
3

And the process is called

SWITCHING.

1
2
3

Control consisting of a mechanical

or electrical or electronic device for
making or breaking or changing the
connections in a circuit.

Control

WHAT IS AN EXCHANGE
11

The prime purpose of an exchange is to provide a temporary

path for simultaneous, bidirectional transmission of speech
between
Subscriber lines connected to same exchange(Local
Switching)
Subscriber lines and trunks to other exchanges(Outgoing
trunk call)
Subscriber lines and trunks from other exchanges (Incoming
trunk call) and
Pairs of trunks towards different exchanges(transit
switching)
These are switching functions of an exchange & are
implemented through the equipment called the Switching
Network.
.
Cont

WHAT IS AN EXCHANGE
12

Strowger Exchange, the first automatic exchange having direct

control feature, appeared in 1892 in Le Porte.

The first electronic exchange employing space-division switching
(Analog Switching) was commissioned in 1965 at New Jersey.
This exchange used one physical path for one call and hence full
availability could not be achieved.
Further research resulted in development of time division
switching(Digital Switching) which enabled sharing a single path by
several calls ,thus providing full availability.
The first digital exchange was commissioned in 1970 at Brittany,
France.

13

Electromechanical Exchanges

Electronic Exchanges

Category, Analysis, Routing, translation, etc Translation, speech path Subs Facilities,
done by relays.
etc., managed by MAP and other DATA.
Any changes in facilities require addition of Changes can be carried out by simple
hardware and/or large amount of wiring
commands. A few changes can be made by
change. Flexibility limited.
Subs himself. Hence, highly flexible.
Testing is done manually externally and is
time consuming. No logic analysis carried
out.

Testing carried out periodically

automatically and analysis printed out.

Partial full-availability, hence blocking.

limited facilities to the subscribers.

Full availability, hence no blocking. A large

number of different types of services
possible very easily.

Slow in speed. Dialing speed is max. 11 Ips

and switching speed is in l milliseconds.

Very fast. Dialing speed up to 11 digits /sec

possible. Switching is achieved in a few
microseconds.

Hierarchical network long level network

(Star Connection)
15

MODERN TYPES OF SWITCHES

16

(1) OCB-283 Organ command or controlled Bhersion 2nd generation 8300

motorola Microprocessor.(By Alcatel Lucent)
(2) EWSD - Electronic World Switch Digital.(By Siemens )
(3) 5ESS - Made by Alcatel Lucent.
(4) AXE 10 Made by Ericsson.

TRANSMISSION NETWORK
17

The transmission medium is the physical path by which a

message travels from sender to receiver.
Computers and telecommunication devices use signals to
represent data.
These signals are transmitted from a device to another in the
form of electromagnetic energy.
Examples of Electromagnetic energy include power, radio
waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X and
gamma rays.
All these electromagnetic signals constitute the
electromagnetic spectrum

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

18

Guided Media
Twisted Pair
Co axial Cable
Optical Fiber Cable
Unguided Media
Radio waves Transmission
Microwave Transmission
Infrared
Transmission
Laser
Transmission
Satellite
Transmission
In Telephone sector majorly we
depend upon Guided media.

Transmission Process
19

GUIDEDMEDIA
20

21

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Optical Fiber
22

Optical fiber is a new medium, in which information (voice,

data or video) is transmitted through a glass or plastic fiber, in
the form of light

Fiber Construction
Consists of Core and Cladding
Core and Cladding are made up of same material
The material used is optically transparent
Silica or borosilicate glass will be the usual material
The R.I of the core will be slightly higher than the R.I of the
cladding

Advantages of Optical Fiber

23

Optical

Fibers are non conductive (Dielectric).

Electromagnetic immunity.
Large Bandwidth (> 50 GHz for 1 km length).
Low Loss (5 dB/km to < 0.25 dB/km typical).
Small, light weight cables.
Available in Long lengths (> 12 kms).
Secured.
Theft prove.

Light Propagation Through OFC

24

Rarer to Denser medium

- Refracted rays move towards the normal
Denser to Rarer medium
- Refracted rays move away from normal
Critical angle:- The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which
the angle of refraction is 90
When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, Total
Internal Reflection occurs
Refractive Index of core is 1.48
Refractive Index of cladding is 1.46
Permissible loss in OFC is 0.3db/km(practical).

Total Internal Reflection

25

Splice
26

Permanent connection between two fibers.

Involves cutting of the edges of the two fibers to be
spliced.
Alignment of the cores of the fibers to be connected is
important to reduce splice loss.

Splicing Methods

Single Fiber Mechanical splicing.

Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
Temp. Mechanical splicing.
Fusion Splicing.

Fusion Splicing
27

Most popular splicing technique.

Achieved either through electrical arc or through gas flame.
Splicing loss can be minimized as low as 0.01 dB/joint.
Splice joint needs mechanical protection and protection from
moisture. For this epoxy resin coating and heat shrinkable
tube are used.
Suitable for SMF for use in long haul network.
The splice loss indicated by the splicing machine is
only an estimated loss.
After every splicing is over, the splice loss
measurement is to be taken by an OTDR.

REFRENCES
28

https://en.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/MahanagarTelephone_Nigam
mtnl.in
google.co.in/mtnl
Mtnl study material.

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THANKS