Pathophysiology

Prepared by: Karl Miguel C. Sahagun

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: A predisposing factor is

something inherent in an organism that may lead to a
problem. (Not Modifiable)
PRECIPITATING FACTORS: A precipitating factor is the
thing that triggers the predisposition. (Modifiable)

Risk Factors

1.Age
2.Gender
3.Race
4.Genetic

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: Lymph node enlargement secondary to
infections are commonly seen in young children and
Older people since immature immune system are less
adept at fighting of infections.

Age (Young Children and

Older People)

 Actual: Present
Rationale: Overall, the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is
higher in men than in women, but there are certain types
of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that are more common in
women. The reasons for this are not known.

Gender (Male)

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: Whites are more likely than African Americans
and Asian Americans to develop lymphoma. Worldwide,
lymphoma is more common in developed countries, with
the United States and Europe having the highest rates.

Race

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: Almost every cancer type has been shown to
run in families. This may be due to genetics, shared
environments, cultural or lifestyle factors, or chance
alone. Genetic factors play a role in cancer cell
development. Abnormal chromosomal patterns and
cancer have been associated with extra chromosomes, too
few chromosomes, or translocated chromosomes.

Genetic

 Rationale: Specific cancers with underlying genetic

abnormalities include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic
myelogenous leukemia, meningiomas, acute leukemias,
retinoblastomas, Wilms tumor, and skin cancers, including
malignant melanoma. Additionally, there are syndromes that
represent a cluster of cancers that are identified by a specific
genetic alteration that is inherited across generations of a
family. In these families, the associated genetic mutation is
found in all cells and represents an inherited susceptibility to
cancer for all family members who carry the mutation

Genetic continuation

1. Lymphatic Obstruction
2. Infection or History of Infections
3. Lymphoma

Precipitating Factors

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: Lymphatic obstruction is due to a blockage or
prolonged compression of the lymph nodes or lymphatic
vessels. Causes include tumors, surgery and chronic
infections. Often, the lymphatic vessels draining away
from an infection site may become infected themselves
(lymphangitis) (Anand, 2007).Affected vessels are
usually dilated and contain many inflammatory cells.

Lymphatic Obstruction

 Actual: PRESENT
Rationale: This inflammation of a lymph node or nodes is
commonly seen in bacterial infections, particularly
hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci. It occasionally
occurs as a result of viral infections such as the EpsteinBarr virus, which causes glandular fever, or because of
yeast or parasitic infections.

Infection

 Lymphadenitis may be systemic (affecting large numbers

of nodes throughout the body) or restricted to nodes close
to a wound or a pool of infection such as an abscess.
Inflammation commonly extends into the neighboring
lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis) and is often
accompanied by a fever.

Infection continuation

 Lymphadenitis is characterized by tender, swollen and

palpable lymph nodes. Occasionally, inflammation within
a group of nodes may be so prominent that the overlying
skin may be red and hot to the touch. The condition is
often marked by red lines corresponding to the position
of the affected lymphatic vessels, and the affected nodes
and vessels are extremely painful on palpation.

Infection continuation

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: Lymphomas are cancers that originate in the
lymphocytes when normal lymphoid tissue is replaced by
abnormal, rapidly dividing cells of lymphoid origin. This
results in the formation of solid tumors of the lymph
nodes. The tumors appear firm, immovable and painless,
in contrast to lymph node enlargement caused by
infection, which often presents as a movable, tender
lump. Lymphomas are classified as either Hodgkins or
non-Hodgkin.

Lymphoma

1. Swollen Lymph Glands

2. Pain
3. Fever
4. Fatigue
5. Diaphoresis

Symptomatlogy

 Actual: PRESENT
Rationale: The lymph nodes (glands) swell when a
person experiences a cold or sore throat. Glands can also
swell following an injury, such as a cut or bite, near the
gland or when a tumor Lymphoma or infections occur.

Swollen Lymph Glands

 Actual: PRESENT
Rationale: When a lymph node rapidly increases in size,
its capsule stretches and causes pain. Pain is usually the
result of an inflammatory process or suppuration, but
pain may also result from hemorrhage into the necrotic
center of a malignant node. The presence or absence of
tenderness does not reliably differentiate benign from
malignant nodes.

Pain

 Actual: PRESENT
Rationale: Fever is a result of the ongoing inflammatory
response against the infection experienced by the patient.
Fever may result from an imbalance between the elimination
and the production of the heat. Infection, neurologic disease,
malignancy pernicious anemia, thromboembolic disease,
paroxysmal tachycardia, congestive heart failure, crushing
injury, severe trauma and many drugs may cause fever. The
course of fever varies in the cause and condition of the
patient and the treatment given.

Fever

 Actual: PRESENT
Rationale: In general, most cases of fatigue may be
attributed to problems in three areas: lifestyle factors,
medical conditions or psychological problems. Fatigue is
not a disease; it is just merely a symptom of a disease.

Fatigue

 Actual: NOT PRESENT

Rationale: The secretion of sweat, especially the profuse
secretion associated with an elevated body temperature,
physical exertion, exposure to heat and mental of
emotional stress

Diaphoresis