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Data processing
system
A data processing system is a combination of
machines and people that for a set of inputs
produces a defined set of outputs. The inputs
and outputs are interpreted as data, facts,
information, ... depending on the interpreter's
relation to the system.

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Types of Data
Mainly Data is divided into two types:
1. Numeric Data
2. Character Data
1. Numeric Data
The data which is represented in the form of numbers is known as Numeric
Data. This includes 0-9 digits, a decimal point (.), +, /, sign and the letters
E or D.
2. Character Data
Character data falls into two groups.
i. String Data
ii. Graphical Data
String Data
String data consists of the sequence of characters. Characters may be
English alphabets, numbers or space. The space, which separates two
words, is also a character. The string data is further divided into two types.
a. Alphabetic Data
b. Alphanumeric Data
Graphical Data
It is possible that pictures, charts and maps can be treated as data. The
scanner is normally used to enter this type of data. The common use of this
data is found in the National Identity Card.

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Information
A collection of data which conveys some meaningful
idea is information. It may provide answers to
questions like who, which, when, why, what, and how.
or
The raw input is data and it has no significance when it
exists in that form. When data is collated or organized
into something meaningful, it gains significance. This
meaningful organization is information
or
Observations and recordings are done to obtain data,
while analysis is done to obtain information

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Data Processing
Data processing:
Any operation or set of operations performed
upon data, whether or not by automatic
means, such as collection, recording,
organization, storage, adaptation or alteration
to convert it into useful information.

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Data Processing Cycle

Once data is collected, it is processed to convert it
into useful information. The data is processed
again and again until the accurate result is
achieved. This is called data processing cycle.
The data processing is very important activity
and involves very careful planning. Usually, data
processing activity involves three basic activities.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output

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Data Processing Cycle

Step-1
1. Input

It is the process through which collected data is transformed

into a form that computer can understand. It is very important step
because correct output result totally depends on the input data. In
input step, following activities can be performed.

i) Verification
The collected data is verified to determine whether it is
correct as required. For example, the collected data of all B.Sc.
students that appeared in final examination of the university is
verified. If errors occur in collected data, data is corrected or it is
collected again.
ii) Coding
The verified data is coded or converted into machine
readable form so that it can be processed through computer.
iii) Storing
The data is stored on the secondary storage into a file. The
stored data on the storage media will be given to the program as
input for processing.

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Data Processing Cycle

Step-2
2.Processing
The term processing denotes the actual data manipulation techniques
such as classifying, sorting, calculating, summarizing, comparing, etc. that
convert data into information.
i) Classification
The data is classified into different groups and subgroups, so that each
group or sub-group of data can be handled separately.
ii) Storing
The data is arranged into an order so that it can be accessed very quickly
as and when required.
iii) Calculations
The arithmetic operations are performed on the numeric data to get the
required results. For example, total marks of each student are calculated.
iv) Summarizing
The data is processed to represent it in a summarized form. ft means that
the summary of data is prepared for top management. For example, the
summary of the data of student is prepared to show the percentage of
pass and fail student examination etc.

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Data Processing Cycle

Step-3
3.

Output
After completing the processing step, output is generated. The
main purpose of data processing is to get the required result.
Mostly, the output is stored on the storage media for later user. In
output step, following activities can be performed.

i) Retrieval
Output stored on the storage media can be retrieved at any time.
For example, result of students is prepared and stored on the
disk. This result can be retrieved when required for different
purposes.
ii) Conversion
The generated output can be converted into different forms. For
example, it can be represented into graphical form.
iii) Communication
The generated output is sent to different places. For example,
weather forecast is prepared and. sent to different agencies and
newspapers etc. where it is required.

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Types of data processing

systems
Scientific data processing
Scientific data processing "usually involves a great deal of

computation (arithmetic and comparison operations) upon

a relatively small amount of input data, resulting in a small
volume of output."

Commercial data processing

Commercial data processing "involves a large volume of
input data, relatively few computational operations, and a
large volume of output." Accounting programs are the
prototypical examples of data processing applications.
Data analysis
"Data analysis is a body of methods that help to describe
facts, detect patterns, develop explanations, and test
hypotheses." For example, data analysis might be used to
look at sales and customer data to "identify connections
between products to allow for cross selling campaigns."

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Computer Processing
Operations
A computer can perform only the following
four operations which enable computers
to carry out the various data processing
activities we have just discussed.
(a) Input/Output operations
A computer can accept data (input)
from and supply processed data (output)
to a wide range of input/output devices.
These devices such as keyboards, display
screens, and printers make humanmachine communication possible.

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Computer Processing
Operations
(b) Calculation and text manipulation
Operations

Computer circuits perform

calculations on numbers. They are also
capable of manipulating numerics and
other symbols used in text with equal
efficiency.

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Computer Processing
Operations
(c) Logic/Comparison Operations
A computer also possesses the ability to
perform logical operations.
For example, if we compare two items
represented by the symbols A and B, there are
only three possible outcomes.
A is less than B (A<B); A is equal to B (A=B):
or A is greater than B
(A>B).
A computer can perform such comparisons and
the, depending on the result, follow a
predetermined path to complete its work. This
ability to compare is an important property of
computers.

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Computer Processing
Operations
(d) Storage and Retrieval Operations
Both data and program instructions are
stored internally in a computer.
Once they are stored in the internal
memory, they can be called up quickly
or retrieved, for further use.

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Simple example
A very simple example of a data processing system is the
process of maintaining a check register. Transactions
checks and deposits are recorded as they occur and the
transactions are summarized to determine a current
balance. Monthly the data recorded in the register is
reconciled with a hopefully identical list of transactions
processed by the bank.
A more sophisticated record keeping system might further
identify the transactions for example deposits by source
or checks by type, such as charitable contributions. This
information might be used to obtain information like the
total of all contributions for the year.
The important thing about this example is that it is a
system, in which, all transactions are recorded consistently,
and the same method of bank reconciliation is used each
time.

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Flowchart of process

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Tasks
Select application domain (AD)
Identifying the business environment
Developing the business charts (two types)
Developing the static model:
Extracting the sets of objects and relations and

representation in the forms of communication

diagrams/ flow charts
Designing the dialogue structures in the form of
oriented graph models for 2 3 user classes.

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Report structure
Annotation
Contents
Task
Brief description of application domain
Developing the business charts
Developing the communication diagrams and interface

tables
Designing the dialogue structures for several user
classes
Resume
Bibliography

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