Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Instructor:
Dr. Timothy P. Kurzweg
PRESENTATION LAYOUT:
.
(2) Be able to decode that information
Preventing Interception of the Signal
Directional transmission:
Narrow divergence of the FSO transmit path (shown in red) as compared to a typical
Radio Frequency (RF) path (shown in blue). The tightly collimated FSO beam ensures
that the signal energy is focused on the receiving unit, making interception of the beam
extremely difficult.
Another view of the narrow beam divergence inherent in
FSO transmission. (For clarity only one transit beam is
shown.)
:
FSO SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
Signal Propagation Impediments:
Fog: The major challenge to FSO communications is fog. The primary way to counter
fog when deploying FSO is through a network design that shortens FSO link
distances and adds network redundancies. FSO installations in foggy cities such as
San Francisco have successfully achieved carrier-class reliability.
Absorption: Absorption occurs when suspended water molecules in the terrestrial
atmosphere extinguish photons. This causes a decrease in the power density
(attenuation) of the FSO beam and directly affects the availability of a system.
Scattering: Scattering is caused when the wavelength collides with the scatterer. The
physical size of the scatterer determines the type of scattering. When the scatterer is
smaller than the wavelength, this is known as Rayleigh scattering. When the scatterer
is of comparable size to the wavelength, this is known as Mie scattering.
Physical obstructions: Flying birds can temporarily block a single beam, but this
tends to cause only short interruptions, and transmissions are easily and
automatically resumed.
Building sway/seismic activity: The movement of buildings can upset receiver and
transmitter alignment.
Safety: To those unfamiliar with FSO, safety is often a concern because the
technology uses lasers for transmission.
Scintillation: Heated air rising from the earth or man-made devices such as heating
ducts creates temperature variations among different air pockets. This can cause
fluctuations in signal amplitude which leads to image fluctuations at the FSO receiver
end.
Rough Estimate of Power losses in the system Infrared ight (765 nm) :
Clear, still air -1 dB/km -5 dB/km
Scintillation 0 to -3 dB/km 0
Birds or foliage Impenetrable 0 to -20 dB
Window (double-glazed) -3 dB -1 dB
Light mist (visibility 400m) -25 dB/km -1 dB/km
Medium fog (visibility 100m) -120 dB/km -1 dB/km
Thick fog (visibility 40m) -300 dB/km -1 dB/km
Light rain (25mm/hour) -10 dB/km -10 dB/km
Heavy rain (150mm/hour) -25 dB/km -40 dB/km
ADVANTAGES OF FSO SYSTEMS
No licensing required.
Installation cost is very low as compared to
laying Fiber.
No sunk costs.
No capital overhangs.
Highly secure transmission possible.
High data rates, upto 2.5 Gbps at present
and 10 Gbps in the near future.
Applications Of FSO Systems
Disaster management as was
exhibited during the Sept 11
attacks.
Merill Lynch & Co. has set up FSO
system from its Vesey Street
office towers across the Hudson
River to an alternate site in New
Jersey.
TeraBeam, a major producer of
FSO equipment, successfully
deployed FSO at the Sydney
Summer Olympic Games.
A network of FSO devices is fast
coming up in Seattle which is
touted as the Capital of Fog.
Manufacturers believe that if an
FSO system can successfully
work in Seattle then it can do so in
any part of the world.
Affordably extend existing fiber
network.
Disaster recovery and temporary
applications
Manufacturers/ Players in the Field of FSO: