Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Predetermined Time
Study
Therbligs
The MTM Product
Work Sampling
Observation Schedules
Interpretation of Findings
Sample Size Determination
Problem Statement
Twenty workers who perform the identical job are selected for
this time study. Each worker will be timed over five (5) cycles.
Assume that the total observed time will eventually equal 400
minutes.
Requirement
Develop a time standard for a particular worker.
OT =
aka
Average
Cycle
Time
4.000 MINUTES
OBSERVED TIME IS COMPUTED THREE PLACES TO THE RIGHT OF THE DECIMAL POINT
*
NT = OT x PR
THE PERFORMANCE RATING ADJUSTS THE OBSERVED TIME TO WHAT THE NORMAL TIME
SHOULD BE FOR A PARTICULAR WORKER.
EVERY WORKER IS ASSIGNED A UNIQUE PERFORMANCE RATING BY THE TIME AND MOTION
ANALYST.
Performance Ratings
PERFORMANCE RATINGS ARE ESTABLISHED FOR EACH WORKER.
IT IS STILL SOMETHING OF AN ART AND CONSEQUENTLY CAN BE
CHALLENGED BY UNION OFFICIALS. THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION
OF ALL PERFORMANCE RATINGS IS ESSENTIAL.
NT
ST =
1 - AF *
NT + [ AF*x OT ]
Allowance Factors
EXAMPLE
Constant Allowances
PERSONAL5%
FATIGUE....4%
Variable Allowances
STANDING.2 to 4%
MENTAL STRAIN.4 to 8%
TEDIOUSNESS.2 to 5%
NOISE LEVEL...2 to 5%
HEAT / HUMIDITY0 to 10%
POOR LIGHTING..2 to 5%
ST =
3.400
1 - .13
3.400
=
.87
= 3.900 MINUTES
MINUTES
QM for WINDOWS
Work Measurement
and
Standard Setting
x = 3.000
s = 1.000
n =
zs
_
x
where:
x = THE SAMPLE MEAN
s = THE SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
= ALLOWABLE OR TOLERATED ERROR
EXPRESSED AS A DECIMAL ( 5% = .05 )
z = NUMBER OF STANDARD DEVIATIONS
FOR THE DESIRED CONFIDENCE LEVEL
( 95% = 1.96 )
SAMPLE
SIZE
DETERMINATION
n =
1.96 x 1.0
.05 x 3.0
2
1.96
.15
2
13.06
171
QM for WINDOWS
Sample Size
Determination
Job Element
Performance Rating
Drawing Materials
0.99
Assembling Parts
1.08
Product Coating
0.83
Product Inspection
1.20
A MUCH MORE
ACCURATE
STANDARD
SETTING
PROCEDURE !
KNEES
HEAD
ARMS
TORSO
LEGS
ELBOWS
FEET
ONE OF THE FIRST JOBS STUDIED WAS THAT OF THE STOKER
It is a family of products
including MTM-C which deals
with clerical tasks, and MTMHC which deals with healthcare
industry tasks.
Provides a comprehensive
system of predetermined time
standards which would be
prohibitively expensive for a
single firm to develop.
What is to be gotten.
Its approximate weight.
Where it must be placed.
How far it must be moved.
8 to
20
inc
hes
Each
Part
< 2 lbs
Work
Bench
Standing
Worker
Weight
( lbs. )
<2 lbs.
GET
Conditions
EASY
Distance
In
Inches
<8
>8
< 20
> 20
< 32
Code
Approx
AA
20
35
50
Loose
AB
30
45
60
Tight
AC
40
55
70
PLACE
Accuracy
THEREFORE MTM TIME FOR THIS THERBLIG IS 35 TMUs AND ITS CODE No. IS AA2
OF COURSE THE MTM THERBLIGS FOR THESE CONDITIONS WOULD HAVE DIFFERENT CODES SUCH AS AD2, AE3
MTM
JOB ELEMENT
CODE
AA2
35
AC2
55
AD2
45
PT1
83
GB3
( THERBLIG )
TMUs
( in TMUs )
40
258
Work Sampling
o Developed in England in the
1930s by Leonard Tippet
o Estimates the percentage of
time that a worker spends on
various tasks.
o Random observations are used
to record employee activity.
o The only technique available for
measuring and evaluating nonrepetitive jobs.
Work Sampling
EXPECT TO
SEE THIS
AND
MORE !
JOE
Monday 10:30 am
Wednesday 2:20 pm
Watching TV
Thursday 9:45 am
Thursday 1:25 pm
Friday 2:30 pm
Friday 4:30 pm
Left Early
BOSS
where:
n = required sample size
z = standard normal deviate for the desired
confidence level
p = estimated value of the sample proportion
( of time worker is busy )
q = estimated value of the sample proportion
( of time worker is idle )
= acceptable error level ( in percent )
n=
(2) x (.25)(.75)
(.03)
= 833
WE COULD HAVE DESIGNATED THE BUSY PROPORTION p AND THE IDLE PROPORTION q
QM for WINDOWS
Work Sampling
Number of Observations
Activity
485
126
idle
62
personal time
23
137
supervisor meetings
= 833
EXAMPLE
Draw five random numbers from a table:
07 12 22 25 49
These random numbers can then be used
to create an observation schedule:
E
JO B
7
O
9:0 2 - B ROL
A
9:1 2 - C M
9:2 5 - TI AN
9:2 9 - JO
9:4
PRODUCTIVE WORK75%
IDLE TIME BETWEEN TASKS..9%
BREAKS AND LUNCH7%
DOWNTIME & UNSCHEDULED TASKS.4%
CLEANUP......3%
START- UP.2%
Work Sampling
ADVANTAGES
LESS EXPENSIVE
NO TIMING DEVICES
Work Sampling
DISADVANTAGES
IT TENDS TO BE LESS
ACCURATE WHEN CYCLE
TIMES ARE SHORT
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e 2011 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.