TITANIUM

University Of Victoria
29th March, 2012
Mana Norouzpour
Email: mananrp@uvic.ca

INTRODUCTION

Titanium is widely distributed throughout the whole universe such as

stars and interstellar dust but, after Al; Fe and Mg, titanium is the
fourth most abundant of structural metals and is the ninth most
abundantthe
element
on the earth.
Although
commercial
production of titanium did not begin
till 1950's by the Titanium Metals Company of America (TMCA),
this element has been recognized over at least 200 years, which is
first discovered in minerals now known as rutile.
Titanium exists in most minerals such as ilmenite (FeTiO 3); rutile
(TiO2); arizonite (Fe2Ti3O9); perovskite (CaTiO3) and titanite
(CaTiSiO5).

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HISTORY
Titanium was first discovered by
the Reverend William Gregor in
1790 who was a clergyman and
amateur mineralogist.
Little interest was shown in the
discovery
by
Martin
Heinrich
Klaproth, a German chemist, in
1795.

There was a close agreement between Gregors discovery and

his investigations on a black sand contained 51% iron oxide;
42.25% titanium oxide; 3.5% silicon oxide and 0.25 magnesium
oxide (ilmenite) and Klaproths investigations on a wine-red
crystal which is known as rutile (titanium oxide).
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HISTORY
The identity of two substances established
soon and Klaproth applied the temporary
name of "Titanium" after the Titans,
the powerful sons of the earth in
Greek mythology.

Interests in the properties of titanium started after the Second

World War, in the late 1940s and the early 1950s, Especially in
USA, Government sponsored programs led to the installation of
large capacity titanium sponge (the product type of kroll process)
production plants, for example at TIMET (1951) and RMI (1958).

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HISTORY
In Europe, large scale sponge
production started in 1951 in UK. In
France,
titanium
sponge
was
produced for several years but
discontinued in 1963.
In Japan sponge production started in 1952 and two companies,
Osaka Titanium and Toho Titanium had relatively large capacities
by 1954.
By 1979, The Soviet Union became the world's largest titanium
sponge producer.
Worldwide capacity of titanium sponge increased steadily from
1980 till 1990, because of the aerospace industry and
military market. But it dropped sharply from 1990 to 1995
due to the military budget decrease in USA and finally, after
the minimum in 1994 it increased again which was the result
of the pick up in commercial aero planes sales.
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EXTRACTION OF TITANIUM
The production of ductile, high purity titanium still proved to be
difficult, because of the strong tendency of this metal to react with
oxygen and nitrogen.
There are some commercial methods for producing titanium like:
sodium reduction process (or Hunter process); direct oxygen
reduction process; electrolytic process. But, the most famous
titanium production method is Kroll process.
spongy and porous ,titanium sponge

It is removed from the titanium by distillation

under very low pressure at a high temperature
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TITANIUM APPLICATIONS

Due to main features of titanium:

High strength to weight ratio,

Low density,
High corrosion resistance,
Biocompatible (non-toxic and it is not rejected by
the body),

This metal is a very applicable material for many

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uses.

TITANIUM APPLICATIONS
Titanium applications generally
classified into several main groups :

are

Aerospace Applications: such as

engines and airframes.

Chemical
Processing:
Many
chemical
processing
operations
specify titanium to increase equipment
lifetime.

Petroleum: In petroleum exploration

and production, flexible titanium pipe's
light weight, makes it an excellent
material for deep sea production
risers.
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TITANIUM APPLICATIONS

Automotive applications:
Particularly
in
motorcycling
racing, This area is extremely
challenging because of its cost
sensitivity.

Consumer products: such as

spectacle
frames;
cameras;
watches; jewelries and various
kinds of sporting goods.

Biomedical field: Such as

surgical
implements
and
implants.

Architectural
applications:
Such as exterior walls and
roofing materials.

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TITANIUM ALLOYS
Pure titanium crystalline structure undergoes a transformation from
hcp ( at lower temperature) to bcc ( at higher temperature) by
increasing the temperature up to 882oC and The mentioned singlephase regions are separated by two-phase region of +.

Alloying elements in titanium are usually classified in two groups of

and stabilizing additions depending on whether increase or decrease
/ transformation temperature of 882oC.
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TITANIUM ALLOYS

Effect of alloying additions on equilibrium phase

diagrams of titanium alloys (schematically)
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TITANIUM ALLOYS
stabilizers : Substitutional elements such as Al, Sn, Ga, Ge
and etc. ; Interstitial elements such as O;N and C. Thus,
unalloyed titanium and titanium alloys with stabilizers
(either singly or in combination) are called - alloys which
have hcp crystalline structure. Al is the main alloying addition
in this kind of alloys and increases the transformation
temperature.
there is another group of -alloys in which there is a small
amount of ductile -phase (1 to 2 percentage of Mo or Si
exist) is called Near -alloy.

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TITANIUM ALLOYS

Alloying elements in both mentioned group provide solid solution

strengthening.
- alloys and Near - alloys have moderate mechanical strength , good
fracture toughness and good creep resistance . They can be easily
welded and they don not need heat treatment. But, due to the
presence of some amount of ductile phase in Near - alloys, they
may be heat treated and are hot forged.

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TITANIUM ALLOYS
stabilizers : are categorized into two groups of isomorphous
elements (which are mentioned as fully stabilized phase) and
eutectoid forming elements (which are mentioned as partially
stabilized phase) .
isomorphous elements such as Mo; V; Nb and Ta. eutectoid
stabilizers such as Fe; Cr; Mn; Co; Cu; Si and H.
.
There are some elements such as Zr, Hf and Sn which are neutral.
They lower the / transformation temperature slightly and then
increase it again at higher concentration.
This kind of titanium alloy is heat treatable and All alloys contain
small amount of aluminum which is an alpha stabilizer.
The
most highly stabilized alloys are alloys such as Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zr and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn.
alloys are exceedingly formable and they are not suitable for low
temperature applications (unlike -alloys which are suitable for
cryogenic applications.)
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TITANIUM ALLOYS
+ alloys: + alloys support a mixture of and at room
temperature
They may contain (10-50)% stabilizers at room temperature. If they
contain more than 20% stabilizers, the weld ability decreases.
Because : On quenching decomposes to hcp martensite
Aluminum (Al) is added to the alloy as -phase stabilizer and hardener
due its solid solution strengthening effect. Vanadium (V) stabilizes
ductile -phase, providing hot workability of the alloy.
The most important alpha-beta alloy is Ti-6Al-4V. High strength alphabeta alloys include Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo. They are
stronger and more readily heat treated than Ti-6Al-4V.
Titanium - Alloys have high tensile strength and fatigue
strength, good hot formability and creep resistance up to 425
15
C.
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Ti-Al Alloy System

(Aluminum is the most widely
used
alloying
element
in
titanium alloys, because it is
the only common metal raising
the
transformation
temperature and having large
solubility in and phases.)

High Al content causes good

strength
characteristic
and
oxidation resistance up to 600C.

Al is soluble up to ~16 wt% in - Ti

- and raises the /
transformation temperature
from . 882 to 1172 oC
An alloy with 16 wt% Al will
precipitate the brittle d-phase
on cooling so a-phase solid
solution alloys are usually
limited to <7 wt% Al

ORROSION RESISTANCE
CP (commercially pure)
titanium offers excellent corrosion
resistance in most environments, except those media that
contain fluoride ions.
Titanium alloys show less resistance to corrosion than CP
titanium and the main problem with them appears to be crevice
corrosion which occurs in locations where the corroding media are
virtually stagnant.
Titanium has limited oxidation resistance in air at
temperatures above approximately 650oC, Titanium and its
alloys resist H2S and CO2 gases at temperatures up to 260oC .
Unalloyed titanium is highly resistant to the corrosion normally
associated with many natural liquid environments including
seawater (almost 18 years); body fluids and fruit and
vegetables juices.
Molten sulfur; many organic compounds (including
acids17 and
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chlorinated compounds) and most oxidizing acids have essentially

ORROSION RESISTANCE
The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium alloys results from
the formation of very stable; continuous highly adherent and
protective oxide film.
Titanium corrosion resistance becomes weak in very strong
oxidation environments;
presence of fluoride ions;
continuous wear or sliding contact conditions with other metals.
In such situations, the protective nature of the oxide film and its
stability and integrity can be improved substantially by adding
inhibitors to the environment.
These naturally formed films are typically less than 10nm thick
and are invisible to the eyes.

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A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that,

when added to a liquid or gas, decreases the corrosion rate of a
. material, typically a metal or an alloy
The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor depends on fluid
composition, quantity of water, and flow regime. A common
mechanism for inhibiting corrosion involves formation of a
coating, often a passivation layer, which prevents access of the
corrosive substance to the metal.

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YDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Hydrogen chemically
reacts with a constituent of
the metal to form a new
microstructural phase
such as hydride which
accumulates on the grain
boundaries of metallic
components .Thus ,
makes it brittle

+
Hydride

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YDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
Hydrogen can be absorbed and diffuse into Titanium. If it
does, the dissolved hydrogen can severely embrittle
titanium. The potential for embrittlement is increased where
hydrogen flow rates are high or where the coating on
titanium becomes damaged.
The strong stabilizing effect of hydrogen on the phase field
results in a decrease of the alpha-to-beta transformation
temperature from 882C to a eutectoid temperature of
300C.

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HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

The maximum hydrogen solubility in phase can reach as high

as 50% at elevated temperatures above 600oC. However,
in phase the solubility is only 7% at 300oC and decreases
rapidly by decreasing temperature.

Why?
the higher solubility in phase results from the relatively open
body centered cubic structure which consists of 12
tetrahedral and six octahedral interstices. In comparison,
the hexagonal close packed lattice of phase exhibits only 4
tetrahedral and 2 octahedral interstitial sites.
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HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
When only phase is present, degradation is
insensitive to external hydrogen pressure, since
hydride formation in phase can occur at virtually any
reasonable hydrogen partial pressure.
In alpha + beta alloys, when a significant amount of
phase is present, hydrogen can be preferentially
transported within lattice and will react with phase
along the / boundaries.
Since alloys exhibit very high terminal hydrogen
solubility and do not readily form hydrides, until lately
they were considered to be fairly resistant to hydrogen,
except possibly at very high hydrogen pressures.

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HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
Three different kinds of hydrides
have been observed around
room temperature. The
hydrides (TiHx) which has fcc
structure with hydrogen atoms
occupying tetrahedral interstitial
sites. (X = 1.55 to 1.99).
At
high
hydrogen
concentrations (X1.99),
hydride
transforms
to
the
diffusion-less - hydride with fct
(face centered tetragonal)
structure (c/a1 at temperature
below 37oC).
At
low
hydrogen
concentration of (1-3) % the
metastable -hydride forms,
with fct structure of c/a higher

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:REFERENCES

http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/basic_search/display?_
EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=3144
http://www.springerlink.com/content/t77602/#
section=343739&page=1
http://
www.worldscibooks.com/etextbook/4311/4311_chap01.pdf
http://www.springerlink.com/content/p24707u210853575/

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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ANY
?QUESTION

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