INTRODUCTION (Contd)

Lecture # 02

FLUID
MECHANICS-I
CE-224

CONTENTS OF TODAYS
LECTURE:
Compressibility
Viscosity
Newtons equation of
viscosity
Units of Viscosity

Engr. Fazal-EJalal
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Fluid Mechanics-I

Compressible and Incompressible

Fluids
Fluid mechanics deals with both
compressible and in compressible
fluids, that is with liquids and gases,
of either constant or variable density.
No such thing in reality as
Incompressible fluid, the term is
used when the change in density
with
pressure
is NEGLIGIBLE.
AND THIS
IS THE CASE
WITH LIQUIDS. We may
also consider GASES as incompressible when
variation is small compared with absolute pressure.

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Compressible and Incompressible

Fluids
Evidence of Elasticity of fluids is that
sound waves (which really are
pressure waves) travel through
liquids. Ordinarily liquids are
considered
to beproblems,
incompressible
In
WATER HAMMER
we must
consider
fluids. the compressibility of fluids.

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Fluid Mechanics-I

Compressible and Incompressible

Fluids
Flow of air in a ventilating system:
Gas is treated as
Incompressible
Because, P variation is so small that the change in density is of
no importance.

Gas or steam flowing at high velocity

through long pipeline:
P variation is great that change in density cannot be ignored.

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Fluid Mechanics-I

Compressible and Incompressible

Fluids
High up in air!!!

An airplane flying
below 250 mph ,
density of air may
be considered as
constant.
But an object moving at 760 mph
(approaching velocity of sound),
then P & Density adjacent to
body is different from distant air.
TREAT AIR AS COMPRESSIBLE
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Compressibility of Liquids
Compressibility is the change in
volume due to change in pressure.
The compressibility of liquid is
inversely related to its volume
modulus of elasticity (also known as
bulk modulus).
E = - (dp/d)==Specific
- (/d)dp
Where;
Volume.
(/d) =
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Dimensionless ratio
E-Jalal

Compressibility of Liquids
In most engineering problems, the
bulk modulus at or near atmospheric
pressure is one of the interest.
The BULK MODULUS is a property of fluid.
And for liquids, is a function of temperature and
pressure.

E is directly related to
temperature. It is maximum
at 50 C. Thus water has
minimum compressibility at
this temperature.
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Compressibility of Liquids
We often specify applied pressures in
terms of absolute terms, because
atmospheric pressure varies.
Absolute pressure is the actual
pressure on fluid relative to absolute
zero.
The standard atmospheric pressure
at sea level is about 14.7 psia or
101.3 kn/m2 abs or 1013 mb.
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Compressibility of Liquids
Bars and milli bars were previously
used in metric systems to express
pressure.
1 mb = 100 N/m2
Most pressures are measured relative
to the atmosphere and are known as
GAUGE PRESSURES.

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Volume modulus of mild steel is about

At any
temperat
ure, the
bulk
modulus
of water
does not
vary
great
deal for
moderate
range in
pressure.

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E = / =
p/ E
E = Mean
value of
modulus for
pressure
range
(1,2 refer to
before and
after
condition)

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Compressibility of Liquids
Assuming E to have value of 32,000
psi, we see the increasing pressure of
water by 1000 psi will compress it
only 0.3% of its original volume.
Therefore, we find that the usual
assumption regarding water as being
INCOMPRESSIBLE is justified.

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Fluid Mechanics-I

Sample problem 2.3

Page 18
Chapter. 2 Properties of
fluids)

11

Practice Problems

2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5

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Fluid
Mechanics
with
Engineering
Applications
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IDEAL FLUID
The fluid in which there is no friction;
it is INVISCID (its viscosity is zero).
The internal forces at any section
within it are always normal to the
section, even during motion.
So, these forces are purely pressure
forces.
This
does not exist in reality, many fluids approximate

frictionless flow at sufficient distances from solid

boundaries and hence we can analyze their behavior
by assuming an ideal fluid.

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Viscosity
In real fluids, either liquid or gas,
tangential or shearing forces are
developed always whenever there is
motion relative to a body, thus
creating fluid friction, because
these forces oppose the motion of
one particle past another.
These frictional forces give rise to a
fluid property called Viscosity.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure
of its resistance to shear or angular
deformation.
The friction forces in flowing fluid
result from cohesion and
momentum
interchange
between
For
Example Motor
oil has high
molecules.and resistance to shear,
viscosity,
and feels sticky whereas gasoline
has low viscosity.
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Viscosity
In Liquids: T inversely related to
Viscosity
In Gases: T directly related to
Viscosity
Viscosi
ty

Gases

Liquid
s

Temperatur
e
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Viscosity
NEWTONS EQUATION OF VISCOSITY:
= F/A = (U/Y) = (dU/dY)
This was first suggested by Sir Isaac
Newton (1642-1727) first suggested
Heit.
is better known for his formulation of the
fundamental laws of motion and gravity and
for the development of differential calculus,
NEWTON, an English mathematician and natural
philosopher, also made many pioneering studies
in FLUID MECHANICS.
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Newtons Equation of
Viscosity
Consider two plates, sufficiently large so
that end conditions may be neglected,
placed on small distance Y apart, the
space between being filled with the fluid.
The lower surface is assumed to be
stationary, while the upper one is moved
parallel to it with a velocity U by the
application of force F corresponding to
some area A of the moving plate.
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Newtons Equation of
Viscosity
..
U
F
dy
Y

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du

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Newtons Equation of
Viscosity
Particles in the fluid in contact with
each plate will adhere to it.
And, if Y is not too great or the
velocity U too high, the velocity
gradient will be a straight line.
The action is much as if the fluid
were made up of a series of thin
sheets, each of which would slip a
little relative to the next.
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Newtons Equation of
Viscosity
Experiment has shown that for a large class of
fluids:

F (A.U)/Y
It may be seen from similar triangles in figure
that U/Y can be replaced by the velocity
gradient du/dy.
If a constant of proportionality is now
introduced, the shear stress between any
two thin sheets of fluid may be expresseds by:

= F/A = (U/Y) = (dU/dNYe)wtonion of

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at y
u
q
e
sit
o
c
Vis

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Viscosity
From Newtons equation of viscosity
we have,
= / (dU/dY)
This is known as Coefficient of
viscosity, the absolute viscosity,
the
dynamic
viscosity
simply
the
The
distinction
between
solidsor
and
fluid lies
in viscosity
the mannerof
in fluid.
which each can resist
SHEARING STRESS.
Further distinction among various kinds of
fluids
and
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 = Shear
stress

Elastic solid

Viscosity
al ic
e
Id ast
pl
ew

N
n
o
N uid
fl

ia
n
to

ni
o
t
New

ui d
fl
n

Ideal fluid
(dU/dY
)
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Viscosity
In case of solids, shear stress
depends on magnitude of
deformation but according to
Newtons equation of viscosity the
shear stress is proportional to time
Arate
fluid for
ofwhich
(angular)
absolutedeformation.
viscosity does not change
with rate of deformation is called NEWTONIAN
FLUID.
The slope of this line is Absolute Viscosity

A fluid for which absolute viscosity changes with

rate of deformation is called NON-NEWTONIAN
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Viscosity
Non Newtonian fluids are
relatively uncommon in engineering
use (examples are paints, printers
ink, gels and emulsions, sludges and
slurries, and certain plastics).
So, we will use fluids that obey
Newtons equation of viscosity under
normal conditions.
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Viscosity
In BG System:
Dimensions of = (lb/ft22)/(fps/ft) =
lb.sec/ft22
In S.I System:
-1) =
Dimensions of = (N/m22)/(s-1
Poise (P) is a widely used unit for viscosity in Metric
N.s/m22
system.
IT IS NAMED AFTER JEAN LOUIS POISEILLE (1799-1869).
HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST INVESTIGATORS OF VISCOSITY.
1 poise = 0.10 N.s/m2
1 Cp = 0.01 poise = 1 Mn.s/m2 (Frequently a more
Convenient unit)
VISCOSITY OF WATER AT 68.4 F IS 1 Cp. So viscosity of fluid
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in cPs is viscosity of fluid relative
to that of water at 68.4 F.
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Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity = Absolute Viscosity /
Density

= /
Is called so because force is not involved, the
only dimensions being length and time, as in
Kinematics. In Metric system it had units
UNITS:
cm2/s, also known as
In BG: ft2/sec
STOKE(St).
Name given after Sir George Stoke,
In S.I: m2/s
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an English Physicist and pioneering

investigator
of viscosity.
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Viscosity
DISTINCTION BETWEEN & :
of most fluids is virtually
INDEPENDENT of pressures
encountered ordinarily in engineering
work.
of gases varies strongly with
pressure because of change
in 2.8
Sample problem
Page 34
density.
Chapter. 2 (Properties
of fluids)
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