Telecommunication Switching

EE 489
Telecommunication Systems Engineering

University of Alberta
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Lecture 1
Wayne Grover
TRLabs and University of Alberta
EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering
What is telecommunications?
tele Greek for distant
communicatio Italian for connection
Telecommunication
distant connection or
transfer of meaningful information from one location to
another
Today it means:
high tech methods of information transfer
Voice
Video
Data
Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

extended by J.Doucette for different versions of EE589/489
Telecomunication Systems change our lives: the always-
on world is upon us.

Introduction
Reasons you might take EE 489
R&D career options
Vendors (e.g. Nortel, Cisco)

Telcos (e.g. Telus, AT&T)
ISPs and other Internet Business
Private Networks
Pre-requisites for other courses

EE 686 (Digital Transmission Systems)
EE 683 (Fibre Optic Communications)
EE 681 (Survivable Networks)
Personal interests
Major critical public infrastructure
Societal importance and history
Or..Its just neat to know how things in your everyday life
actually work !

Introduction (2)
EE 489 is mainly an introduction to key concepts
Concepts and theory for operation and design
Architectural concepts
Basic principles of various topics in telecom engineering
Traffic engineering
Telephony principles, digital coding of speech
Wireless, cellular
Transmission system design, fiber optics
Switching systems
Internet
Optical Networking

US Circuit Switched Voice and Internet Traffic

Source: Renaissance Analysis via Marconi PLC 2001
Compound Annual
Growth Rate
1996-2005
14,000
10,000
Internet
95.8%
8,000
6,000
Voice over
IP 30%
4,000
Data Traffic
2,000
30%
Circuit
Switched
12.1%
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
19
99
19
98
19
97
0
19
96
Terabytes / day
12,000

Fiber Optics and WDM: 1980s

1310nm
1550nm
0.6
Attenuation (dB/km)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1200
1300
1500
1400
Wavelength (nm)
1600
1700

1990s Dense WDM: ITU Channel Spacing
1565
1560
1555
1550
1545
1540
1535
1530
0.6
1525
ITU Channel
Spacing
Attenuation (dB/km)
0.5
0.4
And each wavelength can carry ~ OC-192 (10 Gb/s)
0.3
0.2
0.1
1200
1300
1500
1400
1600
1700
Wavelength (nm)

Trying to appreciate the capacity of fiber optics

Adapted from Marconi OctoBrief 2001
If 64Kb/s = 1 lane
Then with current technology, a single
fiber would = 25 Million Lanes,
or a Highway that was 60,000 Miles Wide

Some real fiber optic networks
10

British
Telecom
11

12

The Level(3) N. American Network
13

some other fiber network topologies

VICENZA
BRESCIA
MILANO
MILANO2
TORINO
SAVONA
32-node Italian
backbone transport
network
VERONA VENEZIA
ALESSANDRIA
PIACENZA
BOLOGNA
GENOVA
PISA
FIRENZE
ANCONA
PERUGIA
ROMA2
LAQUILA
PESCARA
ROMA
FOGGIA
BARI
NAPOLI
SASSARI
SALERNO
POTENZA
TARANTO
CAGLIARI
CATANZARO
REGGIO C.
MESSINA
PALERMO
14

Growth of global telecom system

It took a hundred years to
connect a billion people by wire. It
has taken only ten years to
connect the next billion people.
National Geographic Magazine, December 2001
15

Your Instructor: Wayne Grover

B.Sc. - Carleton U, Ottawa, M.Sc. - U. Essex, U.K. (Commonwealth
Scholar), Ph.D. - U. Alberta (89) - Self-healing Networks
10 years BNR (Nortel Networks) Research & Development

Start-up of TRLabs consortium, 1987 (Founding VP Research)
Research and management roles at TRLabs, 1986- present
2002 IEEE Fellow for contributions to survivable and selforganizing broadband networks
30 years telecom R&D experience
>35 patented inventions to date
web site: http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~grover/
16

Timeline of Modern Telecom

1837 Samuel Morse invents telegraph (demonstrated in 1844)
What hath God wrought?
1850 Telegraph cables cross English Channel

1858 First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable laid (Canada to
Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone (Brantford, ON)
Watson come here, I want you
1885 AT&T incorporated

1888 Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves
1895 Marconi invents wireless telegraph
1895 Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Ltd.
1901 Marconi sends first trans-Atlantic wireless telegraph
(England to Newfoundland); dot-dash spark gap transmitter
17

Timeline of Modern Telecom (2)

1906 Canadian Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
realized the first public radio voice broadcast
http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME02/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden.shtml
1912 First SOS transmitted from RMS Titanic

1919 XWA (Montreal) becomes first licensed radio
station in North America
1923 First radio hockey play-by-play by CKCK (Regina)
1924 First radio airing of Stanley Cup game
1927 First radio trans-Atlantic commercial phone calls
1932 Trans-Canada telephone toll system
1939 Electronic computer developed
1941 Marriage of computer and communications
telegraph code punched on paper tape read by computer
18


1947/1948 Transistor invented at Bell Labs
1950 Time division multiplexing developed
1956 First trans-Atlantic phone cable
1960 Laser developed
1961 Integrated circuit developed
1962 Telstar I launched (first communication satellite)
1966 Northern Telecom publishes first paper related to
optical fibres
1969 Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) funds ARPANET
1970 Corning Glass develops first optical fibre
19


1975 First digital telephone switch (Northern Telecom)
1977 Above switch installed in Canada
1981 Above switch installed in USA
1982 Internet used to describe successor to ARPANET
1989 First SONET-standard optical fibre products
released (Northern Telecom)
1990 World Wide Web becomes part of the Internet
Today:
1 billion telephones in over 200 countries
~15 Billion microprocessors on the planet (6 Billion humans).
Telegraphy, telephony, data, television, finance, etc
integrated into global telecom system
20

Some of what the Future Holds
I. Expansion to the developing world (estimated ~ 3 billion people

have never used a telephone)
II. Machine-to-Machine communication
More machines than humans

Can exchange data more quickly
Think: this overhead projector will have its own IP address and talk on its
own to the world about its bulb burning out
pervasive computing
Seamless human-machine interfaces; wearable computers, virtual reality
III. Convergence of
Opportunities to build green fields network designs

Short-cut to the latest technology
Huge role for fixed wireless and satellite
Telephone, TV, Movies, Telemetry, Monitoring, Internet, Storage
IV. Future applications: Virtual reality, 3D holography, telepresence,

web agents, robots, weather prediction,
Some future applications are estimated to require backbone capacities of

1,000 to 200,000 terabits/sec (1 terabit/sec = 10 12 bit/sec)
Telecommunications is still very much a growth industry !
21

Importance of Switching Avoiding a show stopper

If there were no switching machines, each phone would
have to be directly connected to all others. What are
the implications?
Consider Southern Canada and USA:
Size = 5000 km x 2500 km

Size = 12 500 000 km2
2500 km
5000 km
22

Switching Machines (2)

Approximately 250 million phones
2
(
n
)(
n
1)
250000000
Fully connected:
3x1016 pairs
2
2
Average wire pair cross-section

r 2 (2mm) 2
12.5mm 2 12.5x10 12 km 2
Assume average connection is 2000 km long.
Therefore volume of wiring
3x1016 pairs 2000km 12.5x10 -12
750 million km3

750 million km3
Depth of wiring
60km
2
12.5 million km
23
60km
deep!

How to do well in this course

Come to every class
Get the Decorby notes download and do the assigned readings.
Check web site at least once a week in advance for any further
notes or problem solutions or handouts.
Print and organize all course materials in sequence in a binder
Take notes when whiteboard developments are done
Do all assigned problems
Go over in-class examples
Approach to exam writing
Do easy questions first
Dont rush
Show all work
Term tests and/or Final will contain or be based upon:

At least one assigned problem
At least one in-class example
24


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EE 489

Telecommunication Systems Engineering

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

Telecomunication Systems change our lives: the always-

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

on world is upon us.

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Vendors (e.g. Nortel, Cisco)

Pre-requisites for other courses

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

US Circuit Switched Voice and Internet Traffic

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Fiber Optics and WDM: 1980s

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

1990s Dense WDM: ITU Channel Spacing

And each wavelength can carry ~ OC-192 (10 Gb/s)

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Trying to appreciate the capacity of fiber optics

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Some real fiber optic networks

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

The Level(3) N. American Network

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

some other fiber network topologies

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Growth of global telecom system

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Your Instructor: Wayne Grover

10 years BNR (Nortel Networks) Research & Development

web site: http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~grover/

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Timeline of Modern Telecom

1850 Telegraph cables cross English Channel

1885 AT&T incorporated

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Timeline of Modern Telecom (2)

1912 First SOS transmitted from RMS Titanic

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Timeline of Modern Telecom (3)

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/

EE 489 Telecommunication Systems Engineering

Timeline of Modern Telecom (4)

Uses material previously developed by W. Grover and adapted/