Physics project

Newtons Laws of
Motion

A Brief Introduction.
Newton's laws of motionconsist of threephysical

lawsthat form the basis forclassical mechanics.

They describe the relationship between the forces
acting on a body and itsmotiondue to those forces.
They have been expressed in several different ways
over nearly three centuries.
The three laws of motion were first compiled bySir
Isaac Newtonin his workPhilosophi Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, first published on July 5,
1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate
the motion of many physical objects and systems

Newton's First and

Second laws, in
Latin, from the
original 1687
edition of
thePrincipia
Mathematica.

Newtons
first law of
motion
(law of
inertia)

First law of motion

First law of motion :- Every body remains in a

state of rest or uniform motion (constantvelocity)

unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.This means that in the absence of a nonzero net force, thecenter of massof abodyeither
remains at rest, or moves at a constantspeedin a
straight line.
This tendency is also known as inertia!

Inertia
Inertia is the

tendency of an object
to resist changes in
its velocity. whether
in motion or not

The ball doesn't move unless it is

acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.

Newtons 1st law and you

Dont let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their

motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick

wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour, so it moves forward!!!

Friction
Now we can get a doubt that
What is this unbalanced force that acts on an

object in motion?
It is none other than friction!! Once airborne

or in motion, unless acted on by an

unbalanced force (gravity and air fluid
friction), it would never stop!

For example --- Unless acted upon by an

unbalanced force, this golf ball move

forever. But because friction and gravity are
acting on it the ball is stopping!

Newtons
second
law of
motion

Momentum
Momentum of a body is defined as

the product of its mass and velocity

P(momentum) = M(mass) x
V(velocity)

Second law of motion

The rate of change of momentum of an object

is proportional to the applied unbalanced

force in the direction of the force

This tell us that

:-

rce = Mass x acceleratio

Units
When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is

in m/s*s the unit of force is in Newton (N). One

Newton is equal to the force required to
accelerate one kilogram of mass at one
meter/second square

If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force.

If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.

Newtons 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate

to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces

We know that

objects with
different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate.
However, because
of the 2nd Law we
know that they
dont hit the ground
with the same force.

F = ma

98 N = 10 kg x 9.8

F = ma
9.8 N = 1 kg x
9.8 m/s/s

Newton
s 3rd law
of
motion

Third law of motion

For every action, there is an equal and

opposite reaction.
This may be the most popular law in the

universe !
This law is sometimes referred to as
theaction-reaction law, withFcalled the
"action" and Fthe "reaction". The action and
the reaction are simultaneous.

Conservation of momentum
According to Newton's third law every action

has an equalant reaction in the opposite

direction .
So, when 2 bodies of masses M1 and M2
collide with initial velocities U1 and U2 in a
time period t ,Then Force of A on B = -(Force of B on A )
=>
M1(V1-U1)/t = M2(V2-U2)/t

=>

M2V2)

M1U1 +M2U2 = -(M1V1 +

Examples
According to
Newton,
whenever
objects A and B
interact with
each other, they
exert forces
upon each other.
When you sit in
your chair, your
body exerts a
downward force
on the chair and
the chair exerts
an upward force
on your body.

There are two

forces resulting
from this
interaction - a force
on the chair and a
force on your body.
These two forces
are called action
and reaction forces.

Consider the propulsion of a fish through

the water. A fish uses its fins to push water

backwards. In turn, the water reacts by
pushing the fish forwards, propelling the
fish through the water.
The size of the force on the water equals
the size of the force on the fish; the
direction of the force on the water
(backwards) is opposite the direction of
the force on the fish (forwards).

Flying gracefully through the

air, birds depend on Newtons
third law of motion. As the birds
push down on the air with their
wings, the air pushes their
wings up and gives them lift.
The wings of a bird push air
downwards. In turn, the air
reacts by pushing the bird
upwards.
The size of the force on the air
equals the size of the force on
the bird; the direction of the
force on the air (downwards) is
opposite the direction of the
force on the bird (upwards).
Action-reaction force pairs make
it possible for birds to fly.

The reaction of a rocket is an

application of the third law of
motion. Various fuels are burned
in the engine, producing hot
gases.
The hot gases push against the
inside tube of the rocket and
escape out the bottom of the
tube. As the gases move
downward, the rocket moves in

Bibliography :-

NCERT science text book of 9th class

Wikipedia
S.chand super simplified physics for

class 9