SOLUTIONS

PRESCRIPTION
14A to 16B

SOLUTIONS
Liquid preparations containing 1 or more soluble
substances in a suitable solvent
Concentration: Percent (w/w), (v/v), (w/v) or Ratio strength
Components: Solute and Solvent
Classification of Solutions:
A. Based on administration:
oral, ophthalmic, otic or topical
B. Based on composition:
syrup, elixir, spirit/aromatic water,
tincture/ fluidextract

SOLUTIONS
Methods of Preparation:
1. Simple Solution- dissolve solute in
solvent
E.g. NaCl solution, Strong Iodine solution

2. Chemical Reaction- reacting two or more

solute with each other in a suitable solvent
E.g. Mg citrate solution

3. Distillation- if the solute is volatile

4. Extraction- drug is of vegetable or animal
origin.
E.g. maceration, percolation, digestion, infusion,
decoction

Rx 14A
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila

Name:
Danilo Balmeo
Address: Sulucan St, Sampaloc, Manila
105 lbs/51

Date: August 22, 2012

Age: 24 y/o
Wt./Ht.:

Rx

Potassium Citrate 10% (w/v) Oral Solution

Sig. Take 15 mL t.i.d.

Zenaida Dimayuga, M.D.

Lic. No. 201219
PTR No. 721391
S2 No.________

Amount of Potassium citrate (K3C6H5O7) needed :

10g PC: 100mL solution :: Xg: 30mL
X=3.0grams Potassium citrate
Solubility = 1g:1mL water
Uses: Expectorant, systemic alkalizer, diuretic
Incompatibility: aqueous solutions are slightly
alkaline and will react with acid substances
Potassium citrate= solution of citric acid
(C6H8O7) and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3)
or citric acid and potassium carbonate (K 2CO3)

Rx 15A
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila

Name:
Remy Javier
Address: Scout Borromeo, Quezon City

Date: August 28, 2012

Age: 18 y/o
Wt./Ht.: 102 lbs/55

Rx

KI ss

f oz j

Dispense 120 mL

Sig. Take 15 mL t.i.d.

Rhodora Alora, M.D.

Lic. No. 201220
PTR No. Exempt
S2 No.________

SOLUTIONS
SATURATED
solution that contain the maximum amount of solute
the solvent can dissolve at certain temperature
SUPERSATURATED
solution that contain MORE THAN the maximum
amount of solute the solvent can dissolve at normal
conditions
UNSATURATED
solution that contain LESS THAN the maximum
amount of solute; thus, can accommodate more
substance to be dissolved

Procedure:
1. Dissolve 21.5 g KI crystals in enough water
2. Add sufficient water to make 15 mL
Solubility of KI= 1g:0.7 mL water
Uses: goiter, expectorant, treatment for bronchitis and
asthma.
KI to be used= 1g:0.7mL::Xg:15mL
Xg = (15mL*1g)/0.7mL
Xg = 21. 43 g KI crystals 21.5 g KI
KI crystals- stable in air but slightly hygroscopic in most
air.
KI solution gradually becomes yellow due to oxidation of
KI to free iodine

Rx 15B
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila
Name:
Desiree Ledesma
Address:
23 Basilio St. Sampaloc, Mla.
56

Date: April 25, 2011

Age: 40 y/o Wt/Ht: 140 lb/

Rx

Iodine
3.0g
KI 10.0g
Aq.Menth.pip, qs 100.0mL

M.ft. soln.
Sig. 5gtts in glass of water ut dict.
Lina Ambrocio, MD
Lic No. 201222
PTR No 721395
S2 No. 111102

Solubility of Iodine- 1g: 3450mL water

Uses: thyrotoxicosis, germicide, fungicide,
antiseptic
Iodine: volatilizes at room temperature;
oxidizing agent, can stain metals
KI- added to increase solubility of iodine
Solution- transparent liquid having a deep
brown color and odor of Iodine

Rx 14B
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila
Name:
Address:
lb / 56

Desiree Ledesma
23 Basilio St. Sampaloc, Mla.

Date: April 25, 2011

Age: 40 y/o
Wt/Ht: 140

Rx

KMnO4 solution

1:20,000

Dispense 30 mL
Sig. Apply to affected area t.i.d.

Lina Ambrocio, MD
Lic No. 201222
PTR No 721395
S2 No. 111102

KMnO4 Stock solution= 0.5% KMnO4

Amount of stock solution to be used:
1:20,000= 0.005%
0.005g KMnO4 :100mL::Xg KMnO4 : 30mL
X=0.0015g
0.5g KMnO4 :100mL:: 0.0015g KMnO4 :XmL
X=0.3mL

Procedure:
1. Measure 0.3mL 0.5% KMnO4 stock solution.
2. Q.s. ad water to 30.0mL
Solubility: 1g:15mL water
Uses: Antiseptic/ anti infective
KMnO4
In dry form, stable in air and light but readily
decomposed by many reducing agents;
Powerful oxidizing agent
Solutions are unstable

Rx 16A
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila
Name:
Sofia Galvez
Address:
23 Basilio St. Sampaloc, Mla.
120 lb / 53

Date: April 25, 2011

Age: 20 y/o
Wt/Ht:

Rx

Sat. sol. Ac. Boric

aa. 30 mL
Aquae dest.
M.
Sig. Use in eye cup, ut.dict

Carlo Martinez, MD
Lic No. 201226
PTR No 721395
S2 No. 111102

 Saturated solution of Boric acid =

4.4%
H3BO3
Use: Weak antiseptic
Solubility: 1:18mL water
Procedure:
1. Mix/dissolve 0.66g H3BO3 in 15mL
water.
2. Dilute with 15mL water.

Rx 16B
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Espaa, Manila
Name:
Jasmin Marquez
Address:
23 Basilio St. Sampaloc, Mla.
56

Date: April 25, 2011

Age: 20 y/o
Wt/Ht: 120 lb /

Rx

Naphazoline HCl 0.02 %

Zinc sulfate . 0.25 %
SWFI .... 30.0 mL
M.ft. Isotonic solution
Sig. As directed

Corazon Pedro, MD
Lic No. 201227
PTR No 721395
S2 No. 111102

SOLUTIONS
ISOTONIC: those that have the same
osmotic pressure as a body fluid;
i.e. Ophthalmic, Nasal and Parenteral/Injection
solutions must be isotonic

HYPOTONIC: those that have a lower

osmotic pressure than that of a body fluid
HYPERTONIC: those that have a higher
osmotic pressure than that of a body fluid

 E (NaCl Equivalent)
The grams of NaCl that will produce the same
osmotic pressure as one (1) gram of the drug.
ZnSO4= 0.15
For every gram of NaCl, The equivalent amount
of Zinc sulfate is 0.15 grams.
New Formula
ZnSO4.....1%
SWFI..30mL

2 Methods to Compute for NaCl

Equivalent:
I. Using the Dissociation Factor (i)
II. Using the Freezing Point Data

ZnSO4 available as 1% for 60mL solution

=
1g:100mL:: x: 60mL
x= 0.6g ZnSO4
Given the NaCl equivalence of ZnSO4= 0.15

Equivalent amount of NaCl

0.6g x 0.15 =0.09g NaCl

x = Xg NaCl

Amount of NaCl in 60mL (Isotonic solution/NSS)

0.9g:100mL:: Xg: 60mL
x=0.54 g in a 60mL isotonic solution
Amount of needed NaCl to prepare the solution as isotonic
0.54g- 0.09g = 0.45g NaCl
This is the difference between the NaCl expected to be present in the
60mL isotonic solution and the equivalent amount of NaCl from ZnSO4

 Rx 17 Penicillin Injection