The metamaterials are the artificially structured materials that are manufactured to have properties that are not

generally found in the nature. These properties are due to the structure of the material. The term metamaterial was found by Rodger M. Walser, at University of Texas, Austin in 1999. According to him it was defined as Macroscopic composites having a synthetic, three dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation Combining the above two
definitions, David R Smith defined the metamaterials as a macroscopic composite of periodic or non-periodic structure, whose function is due to both the cellular architecture and chemical composition.

METAMATERIALS
Shravya Cholleti
Deparmtent of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Oklahoma State University,

Introduction
The metamaterials are the artificially structured
materials that are manufactured to have
properties that are not generally found in the
nature. These properties are due to the structure
of the material.

History of Metamaterials
A Russian scientist Victor Veselago in 1968,
proposed that a material with negative electric
and magnetic responses make the electrons move
in the direction out of phase with the oscillating
field. This would bend the light in the direction
opposite from the normal. It was not used until
late 1990s. In 1996, Sir John Pendry of Imperial
College London re discovered the concept of
negative refractive index materials

Figure: The artificially structured metamaterial

Fundamentals of
Metamaterials
The optical properties of the materials depend on by
the permittivity , permeability and refractive
index n . Bending of light at the intersection of two
media is called refraction
Snells Law:
n1sin1 = n2sin2
n1 - Refractive index of
1st medium
n2 Refractive index of
2nd medium
1 angle of incidence
2 - angle of refraction

For the materials with negative refractive index, the

light ray travels on the same side of the normal as
shown in the figure below. Hence the light ray travels
back to the same medium. This property of
metamaterials can be used to control the
electromagnetic waves. This phenomenon can be
used in the cloaking devices to render objects
invisible to the human eye

Figure: The refraction with the negative index

materials

Types of Metamaterials
The metamaterials are classified into the
following type
NEGATIVE INDEX MATERIALS
The metamaterials with the negative values of
permittivity and permeability are known as
negative index metamaterials.
f
SINGLE NEGATIVE METAMATERIALS
The single negative metamaterials have a
negative value for either permittivity or
permeability. But, both permittivity and
permeability are not negative at a time.
ELECTROMAGNETIC BANDGAP
METAMATERIALS
Electromagnetic metamaterials have the ability to
control the propagation of light. This can be
achieved by two tyoes of metamaterials known as
Photonic Crystals
Left Handed Materials
DOUBLE POSITIVE MEDIUM
The double positive medium has both positive
permittivity and positive permeability
CHIRAL METAMATERIALS
The mematerials which are made out of chiral
elements are known as chiral metamaterials

BI-ISOTROPIC AND BIANISOTROPIC

METAMATERIALS
Electric field may induce a magnetic polarization or
a magnetic field can induce an electric polarization.
Such types of materials are categorized as Biisotropic metamaterials. The media with magnetoelectric coupling and direction independence are
termed as Bianisotropic metamaterials.
TERAHERTZ METAMATERIALS
Operate at the frequency range of Tera hertz that
ranges from 0.1 to 10THz.
PHOTONIC METAMATERIALS
They operate in the optical range of frequencies such
as Tera Hertz frequency range and infrared frequency
range.
TUNABLE METAMATERIALS
They have the ability to adjust to the frequency
changes in the refractive index.
NON LINEAR METAMATERIALS
They are manufactured using non linear media.

Applications of
Metamaterials
1.METAMATERIAL ANTENNAS: Due to the
negative refractive index of metamaterials, these
antennas have improved performance and better
radiation power than the other antenna systems
2. CLOAKING

DEVICES
With the ability to
direct the light in
the dessired
direction, the
negative refractive
index
metamaterials,
direct the light
around the eye ball
and they will
render the object
Figure: Redirection of light rays
invisible.
around the eye ball to render the
object invisible

3. SUPER LENS:
Every wave has far field and near field.Far field is
captured by a lens to form an image. But the far
field lacks the finer details of the actual object. As
a result the finest details of the image will be lost.
Though the near field contains the finest details of
the image, its intensity drops off with the
distance. Researchers found that the lens with the
negative refractive index has the ability to capture
and focus both the near and far fields.

Conclusion
Most of the devices constructed based on the
negative refraction index of metamaterials have
demonstrated to work in the frequency range of
micro waves. For these devices to operate at higher
frequencies, smaller structures are required.
Presently research is being conducting on the
manufacturing of metamaterials by nano fabrication
techniques. With the unsual and amazing
propertiews of metamaterials, we can expect
fascinating and unexpected discoveries and
application in future.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterial
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18731988
http://people.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/negative_index_about.ht
m
http://people.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/negative_index_about.ht
m
http://discovermagazine.com/2009/apr/10-metamaterialrevolution-new-science-making-anything-disappear
http://science.howstuffworks.com/invisible-tank1.htm
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/metamaterials/

http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1968
TEMPLATE DESIGN 2008

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