SCIENCE

large body of knowledge based on facts and

truth known by actual experience and
observation.

It

is also defined as search for the accepted

and accumulated knowledge which has been
systematically coordinated and formulated
to serve as the basis for the discovery of
general truth.

TECHNOLOGY
refers

to the practical application of the

principle of physics.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
deals

with the non-living components of

nature.

BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Physics - deals with matter and energy

and their interactions in the field of
mechanics, acoustics, optics, heat,
electricity, magnetism, and radiation. The
study of natural forces and energy.

Chemistry

- deals with composition,

structure and properties of substances
and the changes they undergo.

 Astronomy

- deals with heavenly bodies

and their locations, sizes, compositions,
motions, and other aspects.

Geology

- deals with the history of earth

and its life, as recorded in rocks. Petrology
is one example of this science which deals
with rocks.

Meteorology

- deals with the study of

weather and climate.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Research

on the importance of physical

science in everyday living.

To

be written in one whole sheet of

yellow paper.

MATTER
Everything

that has mass and volume.

STATES OF MATTER
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

STATES OF MATTER

Have a definite shape

Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules are held close together and
there is very little movement between
them.

Have an indefinite shape

Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Atoms and molecules have more space
between them than a solid does, but less
than a gas (ie. It is more fluid.)

Have an indefinite shape

Have an indefinite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules are moving in
random patterns with varying
amounts of distance between
the particles.

Between 0C and
100 C, water is a
liquid. In the liquid
state, water
molecules are close
together, but can
move about freely.

Below 0C, water

solidifies to become
ice. In the solid
state, water
molecules are held
together in a rigid
structure.

At 100C, water
becomes water
vapor, a gas.
Molecules can
move randomly
over large
distances.

Changing states requires energy in either the

form of heat. Changing states may also be
due to the change in pressure in a system.

Heat of formation, Hf.

Heat of vaporization, Hv

Plasma is by far the most common

form of matter. Plasma in the stars
and in the tenuous space between
them makes up over 99% of the
visible universe and perhaps most of
that which is not visible.

On earth we live upon an island of "ordinary"

matter. The different states of matter generally
found on earth are solid, liquid, and gas. We
have learned to work, play, and rest using these
familiar states of matter.

Sir William Crookes, an English physicist,

identified a fourth state of matter, now called
plasma, in 1879.

Plasma temperatures and densities range from

relatively cool and tenuous (like aurora) to very hot
and dense (like the central core of a star). Ordinary
solids, liquids, and gases are both electrically
neutral and too cool or dense to be in a plasma
state.

The word "PLASMA" was first applied to ionized

gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir, an American chemist
and physicist, in 1929.

 Atom

comes from the Greek word

atomos not sliceable.
- the smallest particle of matter.
The atomic concept is very old and dating
back to ancient Greek philosophers about
2,500 years ago.

 Democritus

developed the Atomic

Theory of Matter in the 4th B.C.
- he coined the term atom.

 John

Dalton an English chemist who

reintroduced the atomic concept of matter
in the early 1800s

The

summary of his theory:

1. Indivisible minute particles called atoms
make up all matter.
2. All the atoms of an element are exactly
alike in shape and mass.
3. The atoms of different elements differ
from one another in their masses.

4. Atoms chemically combine in definite

whole number ratios to form chemical
compounds.
5. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed
in chemical reaction.

 J.J

Thompson discovered electron

negatively charged particle.

Robert

A. Millikan measured the

charge and mass of the electron.
charge on an electron 1.60x10 raise to
negative 19 coulomb
mass of an electron 9.11x 10 raise to
negative 31 kgs.

 Ernest

Rutherford he concluded that

an atom must have a tiny, massive and
positively charged nucleus surrounded by
electron.
- electrons moving around the nucleus
are at the distance 100,000 times the
radius of the nucleus.
- discovered the positive charged
particle called proton.

 James

Chadwick identified the

neutral particle in the nucleus called
neutron in 1932.

 It

turns out that protons, neutrons, and

a zoo of other exotic particles are now
thought to be composed of six particles
called quarks .

These

particles have been given the

names up, down, strange, charm,
bottom, and top.

 The

up, charm, and top quarks each carry

a charge equal to that of the proton.

whereas

the down, strange, and bottom

quarks each carry a charge equal to the
electron.

PHYSICS
Physics

- deals with matter and energy

and their interactions in the field of
mechanics,
acoustics,
optics,
heat,
electricity, magnetism, and radiation. The
study of natural forces and energy.

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
1. Classical Physics
Mechanics

deals with the study of

motion of macroscopic bodies.
Kinematics is the branch of mechanics
that deals with the description of
motion. It studies motion without regard
to the forces present.
Dynamics is the branch of mechanics
that deals with the behavior of objects
under the action of external forces.

Thermodynamics

deals with the study of

heat transfer and the changes that result from
it. It also studies heat and its relationship
with other forms of energy.

Electromagnetism

deals with the study of

the relationship between electricity and
magnetism and describes all kinds of
electromagnetic phenomena, from atomic to
global scales.

Optics

deals with the study of the physical

properties of light and its nature and behavior.

2. Modern Physics
Atomic Physics studies the properties of
matter at the atomic scale and examines the
structure, behavior, and properties of atoms.
Biophysics

applies the tools and techniques

of physics in studying living organisms.

Chemical

Physics involves the use of the

principles and theories of physics in studying
chemical processes

Cryogenics

studies the behavior of materials at

very low temperatures.

Fluid

mechanics studies the nature, behavior,

and movements of gases and liquids.

Geophysics

deals with the study of Earth

using the principles of physics.

Health

physics involves the protection of

people against health hazards especially
radiation.

Mathematical

Physics emphasizes the

mathematics used as a medium for
understanding physics.

Nuclear

Physics deals with the study of

the structure, properties, and reactions of
atomic nucleus, and their applications.

Plasma

Physics deals with the behavior

and properties of fully ionized plasma.

Planetary

Physics studies the origin,

structure, and evolution of planets and
planetary systems.

Quantum

Physics studies the quantum

theory, which deals with interactions
between matter and electromagnetic
radiation.

Relativity

describes objects nearly at the

speed of light.

Solid

state Physics examines the

structures and properties of materials in
solid state using quantum physics.

Space

Physics is the study of planetary

and interplanetary magnetized plasmas.

APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
Research

on the different application of

physics in the modern society.

To

be written in one whole sheet of

yellow paper.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Refers

to the systematic method used in

investigations or a logical way approach to the
solution of problems
1. Problem - know what specific
problem is.
2. Observation - gathered data or
information
3. Hypothesis -educated guess
4. Test Hypothesis - experimentation
5. Theory/Conclusion

MEASUREMENT
The

process that brings precision to a

description by specifying how much and of
what of a property in particular situation.

number expresses the value of the property

and the name of the unit tells you what the
referent is as well as implies the procedure for
obtaining the number.

When

standards are established the referent

unit is called standard unit.

2 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF
MEASUREMENT
System- adopted in England (FPS)
foot-pound-second

English

System- originally in France

( 1791) SI or known as System
Internationale

Metric

ENGLISH SYSTEM

Some of the adopted units of this system were

originally based on the part of the human body.
Example:
inch end joint of the thumb
foot length of the foot
yard - distance from the tip of the nose to the ned
of fingers on an arm held straight out.
cubit- distance from the end of an elbow to the
finger tip
fathom distance between the fingertips of arms
held straight out.

METRIC SYSTEM
It

was established by the French Academy

of Sciences in 1791.

The

academy created a measurement

system that was based on invariable
referents in nature, not human body parts.

The

SI, is a modernized version of the

metric system.

THE SEVEN BASE UNITS OF SI

SYSTEM
Property
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current

Unit
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere

Symbol
m
kg
s
A

Temperature
Amount of
substance
Luminous
intensity

Kelvin
Mole

K
mol

Candela

cd

 It

uses prefixes to represent larger or

smaller amounts by factors of 10.

Prefix

Symbol

Meaning

Exa

Quintillion

Peta

Quadrillion

Tera

Trillion

Giga

Billion

Mega

Million

Kilo

Thousand

Hecto

Hundred

Deka

da

Ten

Deci

One-tenth

Centi

One-hundredth

Milli

One-thousandth

Micro

One- millionth

Nano

One- billionth

Pico

One- trillionth

Femto

One- quadrillionth

Atto

One- quintillionth

Unit

Multiplier

CONVERSION UNITS

Mass

1 kg= 1000g = 2.2 lbs. ( pounds)

1 metric ton= 1000 kg.

Length

1cm= 0.394 in.

1m=100 cm.=3.28 ft.=39.4 in.
1 km= 1000m= 0.621 mi
1 in= 2.54 cm.
1 ft=0.3048 m=30.48 cm
1 mi= 5,280 ft.=1,609 m=1.609 km
1 yard = 0.9144 m

Area

1 cm2 = 0.1550 in2

1 m2 = 10,000 cm2 = 10.76 ft2
1 ft2 = 144 in2 =929 cm2= 0.0929 m2

Volume

1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3
1 m3 = 1,000,000 cm3 = 1,000 L=264 gal.
1 liter = 1,000 cm3 = 1.056 qt. = 0.264 gal.
1 ft 3 = 1,728 in3 = 7.48 gal = 28.3 liters

Time

1 hr = 60 min. = 3,600 s
1 day = 24 h = 1440 min.
1 yr = 365 days

Speed

1 m/s = 3.60 km/h = 3.28 ft/s= 2.24 mi/h

1 ft/s = 0.682 mi/h = 0.305 m/s = 1.10 km/h

Energy

1 Kcal = 1000 cal.

1 J = 0.239 cal = 0.738 ft.lb
1 Kcal = 4,184 J = 3.966 Btu

Power
lb/s

1 KW = 1000 Watts
1 hp = 745.7 W = 2,544.43 Btu/h= 550 ft-

Temperature

F = 9/5 OC + 32
OC = 5/9 ( OF- 32 )
K = OC + 273
O

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Also

called Powers of Ten or Exponential

Notation.

method does exist to deal with extremely large

or small numbers in a more condensed form.

It

is usually expressed as the product of two

numbers
(1)Number 1 9 that is called coefficient
(2)A power of ten that is called the exponent.
eg. 1.97 X 10 raise to the 30th power.

 To

multiply scientific notation numbers,

the coefficients are multiplied as usual
and the exponents are added algebraically.

To

divide two scientific notation

numbers, the coefficients are divided as
usual and the exponents are subtracted.

add or subtract two numbers in scientific

notation:
To

Step

1: Adjust the powers of 10 in the 2 numbers so

that they have the same index. (Tip: It is easier to
adjust the smaller index to equal the larger index).
Step

2: Add or subtract the numbers.

Step

3: Give the answer in scientific notation .

EXERCISES ON SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION

EXERCISES ON
CONVERSION OF UNITS