CONCEPT AND THEORY

COMMUNICATION AND
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
By 4th group
Aysha Amelia
1511314014
Dzikra Fitria Amita 1511314025
Muthiah Tri Zuhriani
1511314018
Ridha Hayati
1511314015
Rahimah Febrialisa
1511314020

Definition of
Communication
Communication is an essential part of
patient-centered nursing care. Patient safetly
also requires effective communication among
members of the health care team as patient
move from one caregiver to another of from
one care setting to another. Breakdown in
communication among the health care team
is a major cause of errors in workplace and
threatens proffesionals credibillity (World
Health Organization, 2007).

Theory of Communication
Lasswell's model (Model Lasswell)
Communication theory which is considered the
earliest (1948). Lasswell declared that the best
way to explain the process of communication is to
answer the question: Who says in the which
channel to Whom with what effect (Who said
anything through what channel to whom with what
effect). Answers to questions paradigmatic:
Lasswell was the elements of the communication
process that Communicator (communicator),
Message (message), Media (media), receiver
(communicant / receiver), and Effeck (effect).

 S-O-R Theory (Theory S-O-R)

SOR theory stands Stimulus-Organism-Response
This all stems from psychology. Material object of
psychology and communication science is the
same, namely human soul includes components:
attitudes, opinions, behaviors, cognition affection
and konasi.
According to the stimulus of this response effects
are specific reactions to specific stimuli so that
one can expect and predict compatibility between
the message and the reaction communicant.

 The
Mathematical
Theory
of
Communication (Mathematical Theory of
Communication)
This mathematical theory is often called a model
of Shannon and Weaver, because the theory of
human communication which appeared in 1949, is
a fusion of ideas Claude E. Shannon and Warren
Eaver. Shannon in 1948 explores the mathematical
theory
of
communication
engineering
(communication engineering), then with Warren in
1949 applied to the process of human
communication (human communication).

 Communication Theory two stages and

interpersonal influence
This theory originated from research results Paul
Lazarsfeld et al about the effects of mass media in
the election campaign in 1940. The study was
conducted with the assumption that the stimulus
worked to produce the effect of mass media.
However, research shows otherwise. The effects of
mass media is low and the assumption of stimulus
response does not adequately describe the reality
of the mass media audience in the dissemination
of information flow and determine public opinion.

 Theory of Dependency (Dependency

Theory)
Dependence on media theory originally stated by
Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur. Such as
the uses and gratifications theory, this approach
also rejected the initial hypothesis of a causal
assumptions reinforcement. To overcome this
drawback, the author is taking a systems
approach further. In their model they propose an
integral relationship between the audience, the
media. and the larger social system.

Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal communication is a powerful form of
communication that occurs within an individual.
This level of communication is also called self-talk,
self-verbalization,
or
innerthought.
Peoples
thoughts strongly influence perceptions, feeling,
behavior, and self-concept. You need to be aware
of the nature and content of your own thinking.
Self-talk provides a mental rehearsal for difficult
tasks or situations so individuals deal with them
more effectively and with increased confidence
(Gibson and Foster,2007;White,2008)

 Iterpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is one-on-one

interaction between a nurse and another
person that often occurs face to face. It is the
level most frequently used in nursing
situations and lies at the heart of nursing
practice.
Meaningful
interpersonal
communication result in exchange of ideas,
problem solving, expression of fealing,
decision making, goal accomplishment, team
bilding, and personal growth.

 Transpersonal Communication
Transpersonal communication is
interaction that occurs within a
persons spiritual domain. Study of
the
influence
of
religion
and
spirituality
has
increased
dramatically in recent years and
ongoing
research
helps
us
understand the role of nurse in
addressing a patients spiritual needs

 Small-group Communication

Is interaction that occurs when a small

number of person meet. This type of
communication is usually goal directed and
requires an uderstanding of group dynamic.
When nurse work on committees, lead
patient support groups,form research teams,
or participate in patient care conference,
they use a small-group communication
process. (Arnold and Boggs,2011)

 Public communication
Is interaction with an audience. Public
communication
requires
special
adaptations in eye contact, gestures,
voice inflection, and use of media
materials
to
communicate
meessages effectively

Basic Element of The

Communication Process
Referent
The referent motivates one person to communicate with another.
In a health care setting sights, sounds, odors, time schedules,
messages, objects, emotions, sensation, perceptions, ideas, and
other cues initiate communication.

Sender and Receiver

The sender is the person who encodes and delivers the message,
and the receiver is the person who receives and decodes the
message.

Messages
Is the content of the communication, it contains verbal, nonverbal,
and symbolic language.

Channels
Channels are means of conveying and receiving message throuhg
visual, auditory, and tectile senses.

 Feedback
Feedback is the message the receiver returns, it
indicates whether the receiver understood the
meaning of the senders message.
Interpersonal Variables
Interpersonal variable are factor within both the
sender and receiver that influence communication.
Environment
The environment is the setting for sender-receiver
interaction. For effective communication the
environment to meet participant needs for physical
and emotional comfort and safety.

Form of Communication
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication uses spoken or written words.
Vocabulary : Communication is unsuccessful if senders and
receivers cannot translate one anotherswords and phrases.
Denotative and Connotative Meaning : Some words have several
meanings.
Pacing : Conversation is more successful at an appropriate speed
or pace.
Intonation : Tone of voice dramatically affects the meaning of a
message.
Clarity and Brevity : effective communication is simple, brief, and
direct.
Timing and Relavance : Timing is critical is communication. Event
though a message is clear, poor timing prevents it from being
effective.

 Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication includes the
five senses and everything that does not
involve th spoken or written word. Thus
nonverbal communication is unconsciously
motivated and more accurately indicates a
person intended meaning than the spoken
words ( Jones,2009)

 Symbolic Communication
Good comminication requires awareness of symbolic
communication, the verbal and nonverbal symbolism used
by others to convey meaning. Arth and music are form of
symbolic communication used by nurses to enchane
understanding and promote healing. Lane (2006) found that
creative expressions such as art, music, and dance have a
healing effect on patient.

Metacommunication
Metacommunication is a broad term that refers to all fators
that influence communication. Awareness of influencing
factors
helps
people
better
understand
what
is
communicated (Alnord and Boggs,2011)

Therapeutic
Communication
Therapeutic communication is the ability or the
skills of nurses to help clients adapt to stress,
cope with pathological disorders and learning
how to relate to other people. (Northouse,
1998).
According to Stuart GW (1998) said therapeutic
communication is an interpersonal relationship
between nurses and clients in improving client
in this relationship the nurse and the client to
obtain a shared learning experience in order to
improve the emotional experience of the client.

Benefits of Being
Therapeutic
By profession as a nurse, then becomes
therapeutic is a mandatory thing to do and
is expected to be contributed in making
health care / nursing to society. Become
therapeutic means to make oneself nurses
as a means to facilitate the healing
process in this case the nurse uses
therapeutic communication as ingredients.

Therapeutic Communication
Objectives
For private clients develop towards a more positive / adaptive
and directed the growth of the client:

The realization, self-acceptance, improved self respect.

Through therapeutic communication is expected to change

within the client. Clients who was not able to accept
themselves as such or low self-esteem, after communicating
with the therapeutic nurse will be able to accept themselves.

The ability to build interpersonal relationships that are

not superficial and interdependent with others.

Through therapeutic communication, clients learn how to

accept and welcome others. With open communication,
honest, accepting the client is, the nurses will improve the
client's ability to build a trusting relationship. (Hibdon, S.,
2000).

Improved functionality and the ability to

satisfy the needs and achieve realistic goals.
Sometimes the client establishes an ideal self or goals
that are too high without measuring ability. Individuals
who feel themselves close to the ideal self reality have
high self-esteem, whereas individuals who feel the
reality of his life far from ideal he would feel inferior
(Taylor, Lilian and Lemone, 1997).

Sense of personal identity that is clear and

increased integrity.

Clients who experience personal identity gangguab

usually do not have the self-confidence and low self
esteem experience.

THANK YOU