POTENTIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION

AND ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE

CHANGES ON WATER RESOURCES
AND IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN
INDONESIA
By:
A. Hafied A. Gany, Ph.D., P.Eng.
(Vice President Honoraire, ICID)

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. Introductory Background;
II. General Issues of Climate
Change;
III. Water Resources Management
in Indonesia;
IV. Conclusion;
V. Closing Remarks.

INTRODUCTION
For supporting food security and
the people livelihood in, irrigation
has been widely practiced in
Indonesia for decades to
increase crop yield and to
allow the cultivation of water
sensitive crops for the peoples
staple diet.

INTRODUCTION
Recent constrains:
Uncertainty and unpredictability of water
availability due to CC;
CC is now considered to be unequivocal;
The impact of CC on in agriculture
seems changing in key variables;
Impacts on crop growth;
Rainfall, evaporation demand, stream
flow and groundwater recharge.

INTRODUCTION
CC is becoming significant and
become additional stress on food
production;
Indonesia is currently under the
significant pressure for satisfying food
needs and stress on environment;
Encroachment of ecosystems health
undermine the irrigated agriculture.

TRENDS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE IN
INDONESIA

CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is extremely vulnerable to
climatic hazards;
The frequency of natural hazards
appears to be increasing;
Since 1990 temperature in
Indonesia has increased by 0.3C,
predicted to increase by 1.5-3.7C in
2100;

CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA

It is difficult to generalize
about changes in precipitation;
El Nio and La Nia has a
large impact on Indonesian
climate;
CC will continue to be a major
hazard in Indonesia.

ISSUES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

WR in Indonesia is estimated at
3
3
2,530 km (1,847,246 m /annum);
5,886 rivers & tributaries overall
length of 18,000 km;
2% (96m3/capita/year) for
agriculture at 76%,
Domestic at 11.5%, and
Industries at 13,5%.

WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

The major rivers are served for
inland transportation & irrigation;
Lowlands areas of 33.4 M ha
(consisted 20.1 M ha of tidal, and
13.3 M ha inland swamp);
521 scenic lakes are potential for
supporting irrigated agriculture.

WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

IWRM POLICY IN INDONESIA

There are four kinds of river basin
territories, these are:
International river basin;
Central Government river basin;
Provincial Government river
basin; and
District Government river basin;

IWRM POLICY IN INDONESIA

There are 131 river basins; 5
international; 29 interprovincial; 29 river of national
strategic; 53 inter
district/municipality; and 15
district/municipality. (Two
government owned companies)

IWRM POLICY IN INDONESIA

Out of 131 river basin areas; till
2012, there are only 13 plans for
river basin management that have
decided by the Ministry of Public
Works; and 29 plans by the
governor, as the basis for river basin
management.

GENERAL MAP OF RIVER BASIN

IRRIGATED PADDY vs CLIMATE

CHANGE
In 2002, 8,165,133 ha irrigation,
consisted of 7.77M ha paddy,
sugarcane, and upland paddy.
In 2013 these figures are
decreasing to 7.23M ha due to
land conversion, < O&M, the CC.

IRRIGATION MGT ROLE SHARING

Based on the policy, irrigation
has been divided into:
Central, 2.315M ha; (> 3,000ha)
Province, 1.423M ha;
(> 2,000 to > 3,000 ha)
Regency, 3.492M ha;
(< 1,000 ha), for each scheme.

FUTURE TREND OF IMPACT

Based on field experiments,
the yields are related with a
coefficient of determination 87%;
And hence CC in the decades
of 2010, 2030, & 2050 could
drastically reduce rice yields by
about one per cent annually.

FUTURE TREND OF IMPACT

Currently, the rice yields in dry

years are about one-half those of
normal years, (University of
Gothenburg, 2008).
Under the water utilization with
water scarcity increases
due to CC and sectoral
competition

FUTURE TREND OF IMPACT

There will be strong
pressures intensify
irrigation production and switch
from strategies to increase
physical land & water
productivity to the increase
economic returns less water

IRRIGATION SHIFT TO COMMERCIAL

Irrigation sector is becoming

more commercially oriented:
(1)Irrigation focuses on high
value production less to food
security;
(2)Irrigation capital intensive
business (not small holder)

LOWLAND POTENTIAL
About 33 M ha of potential
lowland in Indonesia. (20 M ha
tidal; 13 M ha inland swamp; 1.8
M ha has been developed 1.5 M
ha tidal, and 0.3M ha inland);
Significant potential but
susceptible to CC

LOWLAND POTENTIAL

IMMEDIATE IMPACT OF CC
Theoretical perspective:
Increased atmospheric CO2 enhance
photosynthetic efficiency reduce
respiration;
Off-setting the loss of production
potential due to temperature rise;
CO2 levels doubled, temperatures
also risen by 4C, negating any benefit.

IMMEDIATE IMPACT OF CC
Indonesian Condition
Related with sea level rise, Indonesian densely
populated, particularly 42 million people who live
less than 10m above sea-level.
One meter rise could inundate 405,000ha
reduce Indonesias territory by inundating lowlying islands as territorial borders;
A further 50cm rise, with land subsidence,
could permanently inundate Northern Java,
Eastern Sumatra, and Lesser Islands.

Uncertainty of Water Requirement

IMMEDIATE IMPACT OF CC
Extreme rainfall and increase of flood would
increase water-borne diseases;
Increased temperatures will cause the spread of
vector-borne diseases, malaria, dengue fever etc.;
Therefore, the attainment of MDGs in Indonesia
would be disrupted by CC poverty reduction;
Lack of access to both information and
resources for adaptation.
Therefore, adaptation efforts not bring about
contribution to poverty alleviation not to reduce
the ineffective irrigated agriculture.

IMMEDIATE IMPACT OF CC
Extreme rainfall and increase of flood would
increase water-borne diseases;
Increased temperatures will cause the spread of
vector-borne diseases, malaria, dengue fever etc.;
Therefore, the attainment of MDGs in Indonesia
would be disrupted by CC poverty reduction;
Lack of access to both information and
resources for adaptation.
Therefore, adaptation efforts not bring about
contribution to poverty alleviation not to reduce
the ineffective irrigated agriculture.

ALTERNATIVE TO MITIGATION OF CC
Mitigation An anthropogenic means for
reducing the GHG emission due CC;
This especially urgent Indonesia being
the 3rd largest GH gasses emitter.
Policies for reducing deforestation and
GGE has been established.
The policy, wasnt implement effectively.
The policy on the use of fossil fuels, has
been contributing GHG to triple by 2030.

ALTERNATIVE TO ADAPTATION TO CC
Adaptation, could be perceived as adjustments
to human or physical system response to CC
The priority sectors are seen as agriculture,
water, coastal and urban areas.
Initiatives as development of community action
plans to cope with flooding in the field of disaster
risk reduction (DRR);
Adaptation to CC will be a long-term process
and partnerships;
Workshop convened to discuss the CC
Adaptation will help to assure adaptation

CAPACITY FOR ADAPTATION - MITIGATION

There is currently much greater

awareness of mitigation than
awareness of adaptation.
This matter is reflecting the
broader landscape reflecting
Indonesia as the 3rd largest emitter
of GHG, 85% of this figure comes
from deforestation

CAPACITY FOR ADAPTATION - MITIGATION

Stages of adaptation:
awareness on issue of adaptation;
ability to analyze of information;
awareness of the capacity to assess the
relevant vulnerability of the CC;
awareness of the demand of effective
system for dissemination of climate
information; and
the importance of TA for adaptation

GAPS AND OVERLAP OF RESPONSIBILITIES

Indonesia is still facing the difficulty to
meet administrative and instruments for
sustaining the CD;
Rapid decentralization process that has
contributed additional challenges;
Gaps between policy and practice, the
decision for integrating;
Weakness of integration between vertical
and horizontal policy;
(34 provinces and more than 500 districts).

POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES
At Farm Scale Adaptation; Crop
technology; varieties; diversification
practice; soil and water management;
seasonal practice; efficient irrigation; on
farm recycling; rotation; etc.
At Irrigation System and farm scale;
storage, water accounting; cropping
patterns; planners at river basin level;
incentive; penalties, etc.

CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUDING REMARKS (1/2)

The presently increase in global
temperature of 1.6C to reach 2C, it is likely
decreasingly effective and increasingly
expensive adaptation options, for Indonesian
practice;
Action needs for international, national,
local and community-based efforts, compound
with environmental and socio-economics;

CONCLUDING REMARKS (1/2)

Water productivity needs to improve
across all regions on integrated basis;
Water saving irrigation technologies
will have to be made in the future,
including accounting for water savings, at
the field and at river basin scale.

THATS ALL
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