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RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

Structure of RNA

Single stranded
Ribose Sugar
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Types of RNA
Three main types
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers
DNA code to ribosomes for translation.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino
acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomes are
made of rRNA and protein.

Transcription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part
of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into
complementary sequence in RNA, a process
called transcription.
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to
DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA
polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a
template from which nucleotides are
assembled into a strand of mRNA.

mRNA

How Does it Work?


RNA Polymerase looks for a region on
the DNA known as a promoter, where it
binds and begins transcription.
RNA strands are then edited. Some
parts are removed (introns) - which are
not expressed and other that are left
are called exons or expressed genes.

The Genetic Code


This is the language of mRNA.
Based on the 4 bases of mRNA.
Words are 3 RNA sequences called
codons.
The strand aaacguucgccc would be
separated as aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc the amino
acids would then be Lysine Arginine
Serine - Proline

Genetic Codes

Translation
During translation, the cell uses information
from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
A Transcription occurs in nucleus.
B mRNA moves to the cytoplasm then to the
ribosomes. tRNA read the mRNA and obtain
the amino acid coded for.
C Ribosomes attach amino acids together
forming a polypeptide chain.
D Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a
stop codon is reached.

Translation to Protein

Translation

Mutations
Gene mutations result from changes in a
single gene. Chromosomal mutations
involve changes whole chromosomes.

Gene Mutation
Point Mutation Affect one nucleotide
thus occurring at a single point on the
gene. Usually one nucleotide is
substituted for another nucleotide.
Frameshift Mutation Inserting an extra
nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide
causes the entire code to shift.

Gene Mutation

Chromosomal Mutations
Deletion Part of a chromosome is deleted
Duplication part of a chromosome is
duplicated
Inversion chromosome twists and inverts the
code.
Translocation Genetic information is traded
between nonhomologous chromosomes.

Chromosomal Mutations

Mutations

More Mutations

Gene Regulation
In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes
which are controlled by stimuli, turn
genes on and off.
In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process
is not as simple. Promoter sequences
regulate gene operation.

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