Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Horizontal Movement of
Earths Lithosphere
Chapter 3
Learning Objectives
Plate Tectonics
1. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
2. Plate Boundaries
a) Spreading Centers
b) Subduction Zones
c) Transform Faults
3. Plate Movement
Plate Tectonics
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
(contd.)
(contd.)
Lithospheric Plates
major plates:
minor plates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Plate Boundaries
a) Spreading centers - rift zones (contd.)
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
b) Subduction zones
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
Ex. a): Juan de Fuca plate into the N. American plate - forms Cascade Mtn. Range
Ex. b): Nazca plate into the S. American plate - forms Peru-Chile Trench and
the Andes Mtn. Range
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
Ex. A): Philippine plate into the Pacific plate formed the Marianna Trench
and the Marianna Island Arc system
Ex. B): N. American plate into the Caribbean plate and then the N. American
plate into the S. American plate formed the Isthmus of Panama
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
Ex. A): Indian plate into the Eurasian plate formed the Himalayas
Ex. B): Eurasian plate into the African plate - closing up of the
Mediterranean sea
SUMMARY
Destructive margins
Subduction zones
Constructive margins
Midocean ridges
Plate Boundaries
(contd.)
c) Transform faults
Plates slide past one another
Lithospheric crust neither created nor destroyed - conservative plate
boundary
Ex. A) Pacific plate sliding past N. American plate forms the San Andreas Fault
Destructive margins
Subduction zones
Plate Movement
Plate Movement
(contd.)
Plate Movement
(contd.)
Hot spots
Islands of Hawaii
islands or sea mountains formed over hotspots
(fixed area where magma comes up)
Destructive margins
Subduction zones
Constructive margins
Midocean ridges
the Pacific Ring of Fire IS 40,000 km long chain of volcanoes caused by "convergent tectonic plates" coming together;
Destructive margins
Subduction zones
Conservative margins
Transform faults
Conservative margins
Transform faults
Hot Spots?
Mantle Plume
Coral Reefs
Air view
Spreading rates
Geological Periods
Geological Periods
Precambrian
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Early Carboniferous
Late Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Late Jurassic
Cretaceous
K/T extinction
Eocene
Miocene
4.6 B 514 Ma
458 Ma
425 Ma
390 Ma
356 Ma
306 Ma
255 Ma
237 Ma
195 Ma
152 Ma
94 Ma
66 Ma
50.2 Ma
14 Ma
570 Ma solidification
Gondwana, hard shell anim.
separation, coldest
Laurentia collides with Baltica
pre-Pangea, equatorial forests
Future World
Future
Future
Precambrian
break-up of the
supercontinent, Rodinia,
which formed 1100 million
years ago. The Late
Precambrian was an "Ice
House" World, much like the
present-day.
Source: www.scotese.com
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Early Carboniferous
Late Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
The supercontinent of
Pangea, mostly assembled by
the Triassic, allowed land
animals to migrate from the
South Pole to the North Pole;
and warm-water faunas
spread across Tethys. The
first mammals and dinosaurs
appeared;
Jurassic
Late Jurassic
Cretaceous
Dinosaur extinction
Eocene
Miocene
Modern World
If we continue present-day
plate motions the Atlantic
will widen, Africa will collide
with Europe closing the
Mediterranean, Australia will
collide with S.E. Asia, and
California will slide
northward up the coast to
Alaska.
Future +100
Future +250
The
Wilson
Cycle
uses plate tectonic
processes to show
development and
creation of ocean
floor and ocean
basins;