Social

security

By:
-Vishnu Das
Govt. Medical college
JAGDALPUR.

Definition:
According to I.L.O, Social security is the protection which
society provides for its members through a series of public
measure, against the economic and social distress that
otherwise would be caused by the substantial stoppage of
earning resulting from :-

sickness
maternity
injury
unemployment
old age and
death.

Purpose of social security

To give individuals and families the confidence that their level of living

and quality of life will not erode by social or economic eventuality.

To provide medical care and income security against the consequences of

defined contingencies
To facilitate the victims physical and vocational rehabilitation
To prevent or reduce ill health and accidents in the occupations
To protect against unemployment by maintenance and promotion of job

creation
To provide benefit for the maintenance of any children.

Objectives:
COMPENSATION

RESTORATION

PREVENTION

Approaches:
Social assistance:
A method to provide benefits as of right to
persons, usually of small means in amounts
sufficient to meet a minimum standards of living
from general revenues of the state.
Characteristics feature of this is the beneficiaries
do not make any contribution towards various
benefits which are made available to them.
It is a Non-contributory benefits towards the
maintenance of vulnerable groups such as
children, mothers, aged peoples, disabled etc.

Social Insurance
A method to provide benefits as a matter of
right for persons of small earnings, in amounts
which combine the contributions of the
beneficiaries with subsidies from the employer
and
the state feature of this is the
Characteristics
beneficiaries, employers and the Government
make contributions to-wards the creation of
common pool, out of which benefits are paid to
the members in the event of any contingencies.
Suitable where the class of workers to be
covered is sufficiently well organized, legally

Social
Assistance :
A method to provide
benefits as of right to
persons usually of small
means in amounts
sufficient to meet a
minimum standards of
living from general
revenues of the state.

Social insurance

A method to provide
benefits as a matter of right
for persons of small earnings,
in amounts which combine
the contributions of the
beneficiaries with subsidies
from the employer and the
state.

Contributory

 Cannot be claimed
as a matter of right
(Provided)
For the vulnerable
groups of the
community (children,
mothers, invalids, aged
people, disabled)

Can be claimed as a
matter of right
For the wellorganized, legally
regulated, financially
stable community.

Contingencies of Social Security:

Medical Care

History of social security

. FIRST PHASE:

A study on social security (ILO 1984) describes

three stages in its modern evolution according to
this view, the initial response was
paternalistic private charity and poor
relief was provided to the indigent, but
harsh conditions and stigma made this form of
provision politically unacceptable
SECOND PHASE::

As a reaction of first phase , in the second phase

insurance schemes were developed based on
compulsory premium that entitled the
participants to pensions and sick pays.

In time these programs were expended to

include wider coverage and contingencies
.THIRD PHASE:

In this phase the concept of prevention and

universality were introduced with the aim
of maintaining and enhancing the quality of
life.
(REFERENCE FROM:ILO 1984,p. 17)

Status of
Social Security
in India

Social Security
Schemes in India:

Preventive Schemes

Promotional Schemes
Protective Schemes

PREVENTIVE
Preventive
Schemes are the Schemes aimed at
SCHEMES

risk prevention. In the strategy of social

management of risks, preventive approach
tries to prevent poverty and helps people
under below poverty line to come above
poverty line.
Preventive health care,
vaccinations against diseases forms part of
the preventive strategies. Majority of the
schemes are of social assistance in nature.

Promotional Schemes

Promotional social security schemes are mainly of Social

Assistance type, where to guarantee minimum standards of
living to vulnerable groups of population, the
Governments at the State and Center draft schemes
financed from the general revenues of the Government.
These are the strategies of risk mitigation. These
guarantee:
Food and Nutritional Security
Employment security
Health Security
Education Security
Women Security

Examples of schemes in the Promotional Social Security

Food for work

Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
Antyodaya
Rural Landless Labourers Employment Guarantee
Schemes
Programmes of Integrated Rural Development Project
Sakshara Bharath
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
Public Distribution System
Reservations for the disabled in services
Special educational institutions for the disabled
persons etc.

ICDS:

lCategory
.

[Pr-revised]

N
o
.

1Children
.

[Revised]
(per beneficiary per day)

Calories Protein (g) Calories (K

(K Cal)
Cal)

(6-72

Protein (g)

300

8-10

500

12-15

600

20

800

20-25

500

15-20

600

18-20

months)

2Severely
.

malnourished
children
(6-72
months)

3Pregnant
.

and
mothers

women
Nursing

Protective Social Security Programmes

The protective social security programmes help the poor in
removing/reducing contingent poverty. In India, the
protective social security programmes have been designed
to address the contingent poverty or the contingencies
defined by the ILO.
Old-age income needs
Survival benefits
Medical need of insured families
Widow and children/dependant economic needs
Maternity benefits
Compensation for loss of employment and
Work injury benefits

Social security
schemes for
working class in the
organized sector

Employees State Insurance (ESI)

Act 1948
Employees Provident Fund (EPF)
Act 1952
Workmens Compensation Act
1923
Maternity Benefit Act 1961
Payment of Gratuity Act 1972

1. Employees State Insurance (ESI)

Beneficiaries:
Small factories employing 10 or more employees whether

power is used in the process of manufacture or not.

Shops
Hotel and restaurants
Cinema halls and theatres
Road motor transport establishments
Newspaper establishments
And some private medical and educational institutions
employing 20 or more persons in some state.
This act covers all employees manual ,clerical
,supervisory and technical getting up to Rs.15,000 per
month or above.

Administration:
Administration of ESI scheme is entrusted
under an autonomous body called ESI
COOPERATION.
Headed by union minister for labour.
Consists of members representing central and
state government, employers and employees
organizations, medical professionals and
parliament.

Contribution :
- Employees : 1.75% of wages.
-Employers : 4.75% of total wage bill.
*employees getting wages below Rs. 70/day*, are
exempted from payment of contributions.
Benefits:
- Full and comprehensive healthcare and medical
benefits for insured workers and their families.
- Payment of the full average wage for 12 weeks for
confinement /miscarriage, or sickness arising out of
pregnancy.
- Payment of funeral expenses in cash on death of
insured person (not exceeding Rs.5000)

In case of death as a result of employment injury

,the dependents of the insured person are eligible

for periodical payments. Pensions @ 70 % of the
wages is payable
Cash payment ,besides free medical treatment ,in

the event of temporary or permanent disablement

as a result of employment or occupational diseases.
(@ 70% of wages)
Sickness benefits ,maximum payable up to 91

days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the

daily rate being about 50% of daily wages.

*Extended sickness benefits:

In addition to 91 days of sickness benefits
,insured persons suffering from certain long
term diseases are entitled to extent the
sickness benefit for a maximum period of 2
years .
34 such extended sickness benefit diseases
are payable like:
Infectious diseases
Neoplasm
Endocrine disorders
Disorders of nervous system
Disorders of cardiovascular system etc.

The extensive coverage of the scheme:

- 6.79 million workers (2.2% of Indian
workers) in 170,000 companies/ organizations.
- 30 million persons (less than 3% of the total
population) as included family members
- Maharashtra, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh
in the highest numbers of insured persons
reaching over 1 million.

Comprehensive medical care

- one-eighth of costs provided through the respective
states
- cash benefits (reimbursements) are administered by
the ESI corporation:
1. - through the schemes own, hospitals and
dispensaries
2. - through reservation of beds in other hospitals
3. - staffed by competent professionals
4. - appreciated by non-regular workers such as causal
& contract workers

Limitation

and difficulties

- level and quality of medical care

- the dual administrative control of the
state government and corporation
- lack of good healthcare infrastructure
- lower enrolment (150,000 additional
workers per year) but higher
requirement of setting up new
infrastructure

Rajiv Gandhi shramik kalyan yojana:

ESI cooperation has launched a new yojana

for workers/ employees covered under ESI

scheme.
Unemployment allowance for those who
where rendered unemployed involuntary due
to reattachment or closure of factory or
establishment.
Criteria: the employee must have contributed
under the scheme for at least five years .
Benefit: allowance for 6 months in the form of
complete payment.

2.Employees Provident
Fund (EPF):
Provident fund is a scheme by the
Government of India by which:
* A fixed percentage is deducted from the
persons salary and
* A fixed percentage added by the
company/establishment.
This amount is kept in an account, which
accumulates and is then received back after
retirement.

a family pension and a deposit-linked insurance

retirement pension benefits to the workers and his/her

family

survival benefits in case of death during service [a

maximum of Rs.25,000 is paid]

covering companies employing over 20 workers

the minimum service for eligibility is 10 years and

pensionable service of 33 years [50% of the last wages
are paid]

permitting withdrawal for purposes of life insurance

policies, house building, medical treatment, marriage,
higher education, etc

Coverage
-

approx 20 million workers (6.4% of the

working population) in about 2,64,000
establishments are enrolled by the different
employment sector:
51% of enrollees in the manufacturing industries
over 20% of enrollees in the mining and quarrying
5.7% of subscribers in agricultural and allied
fields
10.4% of subscribers in the unorganised sector

- 42% of the total membership are in the three

states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West
Bengal

The existing provisions of Defined

Benefit Pension and GPF would not be

available to the new recruits in the
central Government service, i.e. to the
Government servants joining
Government service on or after 1-12004.
(from the official site for :ministry of labour)

3.Workmens
Compensation
Scheme
- covering workers in factories, mines,
plantations, railways, and other scheduled
employments
- providing compensation to workmen or their
survivors in case of injuries, death, and
occupational diseases sustained during
employment service
-

the compensation amounts is paid to workers

according to the damage :

In case of death :40% of monthly wage ,multiplied

by relevant factor or Rs. 20,000; whichever is

more.
In case of total permanent disablement :50% of

monthly wages or Rs.24,000; whichever is more.

In case of partial disablement the compensation is a

% of that payable in the case of total permanent

disablement and is determined by a qualified
medical practitioner.
In case of temporary disablement 25% of the wages

can be paid half a monthly.

LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT TOTAL

DISABLEMENT

Description of Injury

Percentage of loss
of earning

1.Loss of both hands or amputation at higher

sites
2. Loss of a hand and a foot
3. Double amputation through leg or thigh,

or amputation
through leg or thigh on one side and loss of
other foot
4. Loss of sight to such an extent as to
render the claimant
unable to perform any work for which eyesight is essential.
5. Very severe facial disfigurement
6. Absolute deafness

100

LIST OF INJURIES DEEMED TO RESULT IN PERMANENT

PARTIAL
DISABLEMENT

Description of Injury
Amputation
Amputation

through shoulder joint

below shoulder with
stump less than [20.32 Cms.] from
tip of acromion
Amputation form [20.32 Cms.] from
tip of acromion to less than [11.43
Cms.] below tip of olecranon
Loss of a hand or of the thumb and
four fingers of one hand or
amputation from[11.43 Cms.] below
tip of colcannon
Loss of thumb

Percentage of
loss of earning
90
80
70

60
30

4. Payment of Gratuity
-Gratuity is a lump sum amount that your
employer pays you when you retire or resign
from the organization. An Employee does not
contribute any portion of his salary towards
this amount.
-Applicable to various establishments
employing over 10 workers
-Eligible to those who have paid a minimum
continuous service of 5 years.

Formula Used :
Gratuity Calculation
In India =
[ (Basic Pay + D.A) x 15 days x No. of years of
service ]

26
Where, D.A = Dearness Allowance.

5. Maternity Benefit
Scheme
-

providing payment of wages for up to 12 weeks for

full-time
(ie,6 weeks prior the date of delivery and 6 weeks
after)
covers o.5% of women workers nationwide.
- some states have introduced special schemes for
extending maternity benefit to landless agricultural
workers.

In case of miscarriage or MTP on production of

proof , a woman is entitled to leave with

wages for a period of 6 weeks immediately
after the day of miscarriage or abortion.
Provision of leave with wages for tubectomy

operation for a period of 2 weeks .

In case of any diseases or any complication

arising out of pregnancy , the lady is allowed

to take leave with full wages for 1 month
,provided she submits proper documents
related.

Some other benefits:

Central Government Health

Scheme (CGHS)
Established on 1-7-1954 with the objectives of

providing comprehensive medical care facilities to

the central Government employees and their
family members and to avoid cumbersome system
of medical reimbursement
Facilities provided under CGHS through:

Dispensaries, poly clinics and Government /

recognized hospitals.

National Social Assistance Programme

National

Old Age Pension Scheme

since 1995
National Maternity Benefit Scheme
since 1996
National Family Benefit Scheme

1.National Old Age Pension Scheme

- Granting monthly pensions to the

aged over 65 years, those without
subsistence income or family support.
- paid by the central government under
the NSAP (national social assistance
progamme)Pension amount
The pension amount, as of Union
Budget 2012-13is Rs.200 per month
per person from 60 79 years and
Rs.500 per month per person for
those 80 years and above and states
are supposed to contribute an equal
amount to the scheme.

-widows are entitled to a pension for one

year; during the period, skill development for
self-employment is encouraged

- physically disabled are eligible for the monthly

pension if above the age of 45 years, along
with receiving free education, lodging, and
boarding facilities in state-run institutions

 Limitations

- the amount of pension is considered too

low to ensure the minimum subsistence
level
- the number of beneficiaries is restricted
by state budgetary limitations and
central guidelines

Name of the State

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam *
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Mizoram
Orissa
Punjab

Current amount of pension

(Rs per month)

75
150
60*
100
200
100
125
100
110
150
100
100
100
200

Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
West Bengal **
Chandigarh
Delhi

150
125
200
300**
200
200

2.National Maternity Benefit Scheme

- women in all households below the poverty line

are eligible for maternity benefits, cashing an
amount of Rs.500 for the first and second
deliveries respectively
- Stipulating a minimum age of 19 years [around
3% of babies born of girls aged between 15-19
years]
- the maternity assistance amount in
Chhattisgarh is Rs.500 & in Andhra Pradesh is
Rs.900, payable in four installments,

3.National Family Benefit Scheme

Funding Pattern: 100% funded by the
Central
government
-given in the form of lump sum family benefit
for households below the poverty line on the
death of the primary breadwinner in the
bereaved family. The amount of benefit is
Rs.10000/- in case of death of primary
breadwinner due to natural or accidental
causes.

Social insurance schemes:

Government Sponsored Socially Oriented
Insurance Schemes
Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana(AABY)
Janashree Bima Yojana
Shiksha Sahayog Yojana (SSY)
Micro-Insurance Products
Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)
Universal Health Insurance Scheme (UHIS)
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
Pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
(MNAIS)
Pilot Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

Shiksha
Sahayog
Yojana
(SSY)on 31st December, 2001.
The scheme
was
launched

Scholarship as a free add-on benefit is provided under

both Janashree Bima Yojana and Aam Admi Bima

Yojana to maximum of two children of the beneficiary
studying between 9th to 12th standard (including ITI
courses) @ Rs. 100 per month for each child payable
half yearly on 1st July and 1st January, every year.
The benefit is without any additional premium.
Fund has been set up by Govt. of India called "Aam

Admi Bima Yojana Scholarship Fund. Fund is

maintained by LIC of India.

Micro-Insurance Products

Jeevan Madhur"a simple savings related life insurance

plan for low income persons was launched in 2006. On

surviving to the date of maturity, sum assured is paid
alongwith vested bonus if any.
On death of the policy holder, death benefit amount equal

to the total premiums payable during the entire term of

the policy will be paid alongwith vested bonus if any.
Jeevan Mangal", LIC's second Micro Insurance product,

was launched in 2009. It is a term insurance plan with

return of premiums paid on maturity, provided the policy
is in force. On death during the term of the policy, the
sum assured under the basic plan is payable, provided the
policy is in force.

Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)

VPBY meant for senior citizens aged 55 years

and above was launched on 14.7.2003. Under

the scheme the pensioner gets an effective
yield of 9% per annum on the investment.

Universal Health Insurance

Scheme (UHIS)
The four public sector general insurance companies

have been implementing Universal Health Insurance

Scheme for improving the access of health care to
poor families.
provides for reimbursement of medical expenses

upto Rs.30,000/- towards hospitalization floated

amongst the entire family, death cover due to an
accident @ Rs.25,000/- to the earning head of the
family.

compensation due to loss of earning of the earning

member @ Rs.50/- per day upto maximum of 15 days

The premium subsidy has been enhanced

from Rs.100 to Rs.200 for an individual,

Rs.300 for a family of five and Rs.400 for a
family of seven, without any reduction in
benefits.

National Agricultural Insurance Schme (NAIS)

The Government of India introduced the scheme from Rabi

1999-2000 season to protect the farmers against losses

suffered by them due to crop failure on account of natural
calamities.
implemented by Agriculture Insurance Company of India

(AICIL). The scheme is available to all the farmers, loanee and

non-loanee, irrespective of size of their holding.
covers all food crops (cereals, millets and pulses) and oil seeds

and Annual commercial/ horticultural crops

10% subsidy on premium is available to small & marginal

farmers. NAIS is presently being implemented in 24 States and

2 Union Territories except in States of Punjab & Arunachal
Pradesh.

What about the workers in

UNORGANISED SECTOR ??

unorganised
sector
organised sector

Unorganised sector worker:

Means a person who works for wages or

income: directly or through an agency or

contractor; or who works on his own/her own
account or is self employed ; in any place of
work including his/her home ,field or any
public space and who is not availing the
benefits under ESIC ACT and P.F ACT

Parliament of India has enacted unorganised

sector workers social security act 2005.

National social security board for unorganised

sector have been constituted by the central

government to exercise the powers confined
on and to perform the functions assigned to.
Headed by union minister for lab our and
employment.

Programmes:

Indira gandhi national old age pension scheme

National family benefit scheme.
Jannani suraksha yojana
Handloom weavers comprehensive welfare scheme.
Handicraft artisans comprehensive welfare scheme.
Pension to master craft persons
National scheme for welfare of fisherman and

training and extension

Janshree bima yojana
Aam aadmi bima yojana.
Rashtriya swastiya bima yojana.

Janani suraksha yojana

It was launched on 12th April 2005.

Objectives of this scheme were reducing maternal

mortality and infant mortality through encour-aging

delivery at health institu-tions & focusing at
institutional care among women in below pov-erty line
families.

100 percent centrally spon-sored scheme & it

integrates the benefit of cash assistance with institutional care during ante natal, natal and immediate
post-partum care.

Handlooms Weavers Comprehensive

Welfare Scheme
Sponsored by : Both Central & State Government.
The Health Insurance Scheme aims at financially

enabling the weaver community to access the best

of healthcare facilities in the country. The scheme is
to cover not only the weaver but his wife and
children, to cover all pre-existing diseases as well
as new diseases . The ancillary Handlooms workers
like those engaged in warping, winding, dyeing,
printing, finishing, sizing, Jhala making, Jacquard
cutting etc. are also eligible to be covered.

Handicraft artisans' comprehensive welfare scheme

Aims at financially enabling the artisans

community to access to the best of healthcare

facilities in the country.This scheme covers not
only the artisans but his wife and children .
ELIGIBILITY TO GET THE COVERAGE

All Craft persons whether male or female, between

the age group of one day to 80years will be
eligible.


FUNDING PATTERN

i.Contribution by the Govt. of India:

Rs.697/- or Rs. 797/- per annum
ii.Contribution by the handicrafts artisans:
Rs.200/- or Rs. 100/-per annum
Total
premium:
Rs. 897/- per annum

Pension to master craft persons

Development Commissioner (Handicrafts)

extends financial assistance to senior master

craft persons above 60 years of age who are
recipients of National Awards/ National Merit
Certificate or State Awards in Handicrafts.
This provision helps the old artisans to survive
with the pension benefit and be able to
disseminate their knowledge to the younger
generation.
Also, this encourages new young artisans to
practice handicrafts and devote their fulltime
with an assurance of pensionary benefit.

National scheme on welfare of

fishermen
Centrally Sponsored Scheme

*objective of the scheme are:

a)to provide basic amenities like housing, drinking
water, community hall etc. for fishers
b)to facilitate better living standards for fishers and
their families
c)to uplift social and economic securities for active
fishers and their dependents and
d)to update knowledge and improving skills of
fishers in regard to modern fishing technology.

Scheme is operated with the following four components:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Development of Model Fishermen Villages

Group Accident Insurance for ActiveFishermen
Saving-cum-Relief; and
Training & Extention.

Funding pattern:
In case of 1stthree component of Schemethe assistance is shared on
50:50 basis by the Government of India and State Government and in
case of UT Admn., 100% Assistance is born by the Government of India.
In case of North Eastern States, the assistance is shared on 75:25 basis
between the Government of India and the State Government.
The assistance for Training & Extension is shared on 80:20 basis by the
Government of India and the State Government and in case of UT
Administrations/ FISHCOPFED 100% assistance is given by the
Government of India.

Janashree Bima Yojana

The objective of the scheme is to provide life insurance

protection to the rural and urban poor persons below

poverty line and marginally above the poverty line.
ELIGIBILITY:

A person who is
*Aged between 18 and 59 years.
*Below or marginally above poverty line
*A member of any of the approved vocation/occupation
groups

NODAL AGENCY:

A State Government Department which is concerned

with the welfare of any such vocation/occupation
group, a Welfare Fund/ Society, Village
Panchayat,NGO,Self-Help Group,etc.
COVERAGE:

-45 occupational groups have been covered under this scheme.

-It includes beediworkers, carpenters, cobblers, fishermen, weavers,
persons with disability employed in different sectors, sweepers,
drivers, anganwadi teachers and members of self-help groups
would be extended the insurance benefits under the scheme.
Besides providing a life cover of Rs. 30,000 for natural death, Rs.

75,000 amount would be paid to the family in case of death due to

accidents.

Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana

Ministry of Finance, Government of India has approved

the merger of Social Security Schemes viz., Aam Admi

Bima Yojana (AABY) and Janashree Bima Yojana (JBY).
The merged scheme is renamedAam Admi Bima

Yojana and has come into effect from 01.01.2013.

Eligibility criteria:

i).The members should be aged between 18 years completed

and 59 years nearer birthday.

ii) The member should normally be the head of the family or

one earning member of the below poverty line family (BPL) or
marginally above the poverty line under identified vocational
group/rural landless household.

Nodal agency : In the case of Rural Households, the

nodal agency will mean the State Government/Union

Territory appointed to administer the Scheme.
Premium:
The premium to be charged initially under the scheme will
be Rs.200/- per annum per member for a cover of
Rs.30,000/-, out of which 50% will be subsidized from
the Social Security Fund .
In case of Rural Landless Household (RLH) remaining 50
% premium shall be borne by the State Government/
Union Territory and in case of other occupational group
the remaining 50% premium shall be borne by the
Nodal Agency and/or Member and/or State Government/
Union Territory

Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana

government-runhealth insurancescheme for

theIndianpoor. It provides for cashless insurance

for hospitalization in public as well private hospitals.
The scheme started enrolling on April 1, 2008 and
has been implemented in 25 states of India.
project under the Ministry of Labour and
Employment.
Every "below poverty line" (BPL) family holding a
yellowration cardpaysRs.30 registration fee to get
abiometric-enabled smart cardcontaining their
fingerprints and photographs.This enables them to
receive inpatient medical care of up toRs.30,000
per family per year in any of the empanelled
hospitals

the scheme has won plaudits from theWorld

Bank, theUNand theILOas one of the world's

best health insurance schemes.Germanyhas
shown interest in adopting thesmart
cardbased model for revamping its own social
security system, the oldest in the world, by
replacing its current, expensive, system of
voucher based benefits for 2.5 million
children.

RATION CARD
Ration Cards play a vital role in India for

Public Distribution System. Depending on the

economic condition, people can purchase
essential things such as kerosene, sugar and
food grains on low cost if they are carrying
any of these cards.

Below Poverty Line (BPL) Cards:

Indian Government has introduced BPL Card in

order to provide alleviation for poor people in

which only poor people of the society are eligible
for this type of cards. These people can be
bifurcated on daily livelihood such as flower
sellers, card pullers, rickshaw pullers, black smith,
collies, porters etc. These people are identified by
the government employees of the department
and then BPL Card is issued with the support of
Food and Supplies Department.
In order to get this card, a person has to submit
an application form which has to be duly attested
by the Village Sarpanch or by Municipal Councilor,
two group family photographs (passport size) and
finally an affidavit which has to be duly specified.

Antyodaya Ration Cards

Antyodaya Rations Cards are for the families which

are the poorest in India and having income which is

below Rs.250/- (i.e. per capita per month).
The AAY scheme was launched in December 2000
for the poorest among the BPL families.5
Individuals in the following priority groups are
entitled to an AAY card, including: (i) landless
agricultural labourers, (ii) marginal farmers, (iii)
rural artisans/craftsmen such as potters and
tanners, (iv) slum dwellers, (v) persons earning
their livelihood on a daily basis in the informal
sector such as porters, rickshaw pullers, cobblers,
(vi) destitute, (vii) households headed by widows or
terminally ill persons, disabled persons, persons
aged 60 years or more with no assured means of
subsistence, and (viii) all primitive tribal
households.

This card is being issued along with BPL Card

for the persons whose income is below Rs.

250/- per month. In order to obtain AAY Card,
a person needs to submit an application form
which has to be duly attested by the Village
Sarpanch or by the Municipal Councilor, two
group family photographs (passport size) and
finally an affidavit. After that a ration card is
developed in Green color for Antyodaya
beneficiaries. This card holder will get 35 KG
of rice for Rs.3/- per Kg.

Key problems
Social security policies assumes an

homogeneity among all the unorganised

workers.
But the sector is heterogeneous in terms of:
-Social security needs
-Ability to contribute
-Membership and participation
We can divide the unorganised sector workers
into two categories:

Ultra poor

Inability to meet basic

need.
Need promotional
upliftment.
Find difficult to contribute
to social security due to
limited and insecure
livelihood.

Poor

Fulfilled basic needs .

Protective social security

schemes
Ability to contribute
towards social security is
higher.

Social security :an integral element for poverty

alleviation among ultra poor.

Improving service delivery system to provide basic
needs
Governance of these institutions needs to be
improved in terms of participation and
accountability
New institutions like SELF HELP GROUPS should
be formed.
Implementation of subsidies to provide social
protection.

Protective security for Poor

What they need is inclusive, participatory ,

transparent ,and effective social security

schemes so that they do not slip back into
poverty.
GOVT should plan to increase the
employment opportunities for people of
this strata.

Conclusions
About 13% of the working population are covered by the
statutory social protection :
- Some 19.5 million government and public sector workers
- Some 21 million private sector workers
These major social security laws do not distinguish

between organized and unorganised sectors:

- very few informal economy workers are covered under
the statutory schemes
- because there are many difficulties in establishing
workers-employer relationship and an effective system for
the collection of contribution

The statutes explicitly exclude groups of workers

such as
those working outside the scheduled industries
and establishments
those in smaller enterprises
the very substantial category of the selfemployed (comprising 54% of the workforce)
Lack of awareness and unity among the informal

economy workers to enforce the laws

Bibliography:
Parks textbook for preventive medicine.
National health programmes of India.

-J.kishores(9th edition)
Official site for Ministry of industries.
Official site for Ministry of finance.
National rural health mission website.
Social security in india:status,issues and ways
forward,by D.Rajashekhar ,isec Bangalore
(Institute for Social and Economic
Change)
Life insurance cooperation of India website.
Available from: URLhttp://www.labour.nic.in

Thank you