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Phonetics
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
including the production of speech,
that is how speech sounds are
actually made, transmitted and
received, the description and
classification of speech sounds,
words and connected speech, etc.
Spot in English
Some letters represent more than one different sound
c: recall vs. receive
gear vs.
siege
use
use
THE ORGANS OF
SPEECH AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
Breathing stage
Phonation stage
Resonation stage
Articulation
stage
BREATHING
STAGE
LUNGS
Serve as the
reservoir of air
As you inhale, fill
the lungs
comfortably in
preparation for
speaking.
Diaphragm
A large sheet of
muscle separating
the chest cavity
from the abdomen
Forms the floor of
the chest and the
roof of the
abdomen
Gives pressure to
the breath stream
PHONATION
STAGE
Larynx
Principal organ
of phonation
Found at the
top of the
trachea
Protuberance is
known as the
Adams apple
Vocal Cords
A pair of
bundles of
muscles and
cartilages
Open and
close at
various
degrees
Trachea
Also known as
windpipe
Passageway
of air going
up from the
lungs
RESONATION
STAGE
Pharynx
Common passageway
for air and food
Located behind the
nose and mouth and
includes the cavity at
the back of the tongue
Divisions of the
pharynx:
Nasal pharynx
Oral pharynx
Laryngeal pharynx
Nose
Consists of the external
and internal portions
Nostrils openings of
the external nose
Nasal cavity internal
nose; directly behind
the external nose
through which the air
passes on its way to
the pharynx
Septum divides the
external and internal
nose into two separate
passageways
Mouth
Divided into the
vestibule and the
oral cavity proper
Vestibule felt by
placing the tongue
tip outside the teeth
but inside the lips
Oral cavity felt by
retracting the
tongue, closing the
jaws and moving the
tongue about
Resonators:
Upper
part
of the
larynx
Oral
pharyn
cavity
Nasal
cavity
ARTICULATION
STAGE
Lips
Highly
flexible
Can be
moved into
numerous
positions
essential to
articulation
Teeth
Serve as
important
surfaces in
articulation
Embedded in
the alveolar
ridge or gum
ridges of the
oral cavity
Dome
Also known as
the hard palate
Bony roof of the
mouth
Serves as an
important
surface against
which the tongue
makes contact
Uvula
Small nub on
the lower
border of the
soft palate
Movable tip at
the midline of
the free
border of the
soft palate
Velum
Also known as
the soft palate
Separates the
nasal pharynx
from the oral
cavity
A flexible curtain
attached along
the rear border of
the hard palate
Tongue
Flexible organ
consisting of
muscles, glands
and connective
tissues
Parts of the tongue:
Apex or tip
Blade
Front
Center
Back
root
articulators
Lower
jaw
Uvula
Velum
Lower
lip
Tongue
Upper lip
Upper
teeth
Points of
articulati
on
Upper
alveolar
ridge
Hard
palate
Soft
palate
Airstream
Mechanisms
Phonation process:
The actions of the vocal folds.
Articulatory process:
The movements of the tongue and the lips interacting with the roof of the
mouth and the pharynx.
Including the oro-nasal process.
Airstream Mechanisms
3 Airstream Mechanisms:
Lung airflow (pulmonic airflow mechanism)
Glottalic airflow
Velaric airflow
Airstream Mechanisms
Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism
air is pushed out of the lungs by downward movement of rib
cage and/or upward movement of diaphragm
Plosives
stops made with an egressive pulmonic airstream
these are stops, e.g. [p, t, k]
Airstream Mechanisms
Two Types of Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
Glottalic Egressive Airstream
Glottalic Ingressive Airstream
Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic
we can move different bodies of air
move a closed glottis up, youll push air
out of the mouth
move closed glottis down, air will be
sucked into the mouth
Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic Egressive Airstream
glottis acts as a kind of piston
compressing air in the pharynx
compressed air released when tongue body is lowered,
i.e. when stop is released
Glottalic egressive sound [k]
These sounds are also called EJECTIVES
Hausa and Lakota are just two languages with ejectives.
Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic Ingressive Sounds
glottis moves downward
sucking air inwards
but the glottis is not completely closed
some pulmonic air is still being pushed out
keeping the vocal cords vibrating
Bilabial implosive
Glottalic ingressive stops are also called IMPLOSIVES
Sindhi is an example of a language with implosives
Airstream mechanism
Gllotic Egressive Mechanism
Airstream mechanism
Gllotic Ingressive Mechanism
Airstream mechanism
Vellaric
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral
cavity
Pressure reduced by forming vellaric and
alveolar closure and pulling down tongue
Airstream Mechanisms
Velaric Airstream Mechanism
this is the mechanism used to make clicks!!
they involve trapping a body of air rarefying it (adding a
pinch of salt for taste) and then releasing it, resulting in
a click
Airstream mechanism
Velaric Mechanism
Airstream mechanism
All sounds are made with some movements of air
The basic source of power is the lungs
The air goes up the windpipe (trachea) and into the
larynx and out of the body through the vocal tract
(i.e. mouth or nose)
Vocal folds
Their outer edges are attached to
muscle in the larynx while their
inner edges are free.
If the back end of the vocal folds
are held apart, a triangular space
opens up between them.
The space is called glottis.
Modes of Phonation
Phonation:
Larynx function:
(1) generate airstream
(2) serve as an articulator
Voicing/phonation
Modes of Phonation
Five phonation modes:
Voiceless: vocal folds far apart
Whisper:
vocal folds adducted (closed)
opening between arytenod cartilage
air forced
Modes of Phonation
Breathy:
incomplete close of glottalic cycle
Muscle of arytenoids remain apart
Voice:
Vibration of vocal folds
Creak:
Low frequency vibration of vocal folds
Folds open briefly
Vibration is irregular from cycle to cycle
Glottal stop
Combinatory Phonation Modes:
Breathy + Creaky
creak accompanied by breathy leakage
Animated visual