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Phonetics

Phonetics
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
including the production of speech,
that is how speech sounds are
actually made, transmitted and
received, the description and
classification of speech sounds,
words and connected speech, etc.

We can approach it on various levels.


At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy
and physiology. We can study organs such as
tongue and larynx and their functions in the
production of speech.
At another level, we can focus on the speech
sounds produced by these organs by
identifying and classifying the individual
sounds. This is the domain of articulatory
phonetics.

Spot in English
Some letters represent more than one different sound
c: recall vs. receive

gear vs.

siege

Some letters represent no sounds at all


receive

use

Sometimes two letters represent just one sound


recall phonetics
Some letters represent two or more sounds at once
tax

use

The same sound can be represented by many different letters


sh: shy, mission, machine, special, caution

To describe speech sounds, it is necessary to know what an individual sound


is, and how each sound differs from all others. This is not as easy as it may
seem, for when we speak, the sounds seem to run together and it isnt at all
obvious where one sound ends and the next begins.
However, when we know the language we hear the individual sounds in our
minds ear and are able to make sense of them, unlike the sign painter in
the cartoon.
A speaker of English knows that there are three sounds in the word bus. Yet,
physically the word is just one continuous sound.
You can segment that one sound into parts because you know English. And
you recognize those parts when they occur elsewhere as b does in bet or rob,
as u does in up, and as s does in sister.
It is not possible to segment the sound of someone clearing her throat into a
sequence of discrete units. This is not because throat-clearing is one
continuous sound. It is because such sounds are not speech and are therefore
not able to be segmented into the sounds of speech.
Speakers of English can separate keepout into the two words keep and out
because they know the language. We do not generally pause between words
(except to take a breath), even though we may think we do.

Read the following pairs aloud and see why we might


misinterpret what we hear:
grade A - gray day
I scream ice cream
The suns rays meet - The sons raise meat
The lack of breaks between spoken words and individual
sounds often makes us think that speakers of foreign
languages run their words together, unaware that we do
too.
X-ray motion pictures of someone speaking make the
absence of breaks very clear.
One can see the tongue, jaw, and lips in continuous
motion as the individual sounds are produced.

THE ORGANS OF
SPEECH AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS

Besides a brain (and the knowledge


of the language), what do you need
to use the spoken language?

These are the speech organs

Stages involved in Speaking:


Organs involved

Breathing stage
Phonation stage
Resonation stage
Articulation
stage

BREATHING
STAGE

Breathing, which is primarily concerned with maintaining life, is


secondarily a force assisting in vocalization.
It consists of two phases --inhalation and
exhalation.
Examples: _______________

LUNGS
Serve as the
reservoir of air
As you inhale, fill
the lungs
comfortably in
preparation for
speaking.

Diaphragm
A large sheet of
muscle separating
the chest cavity
from the abdomen
Forms the floor of
the chest and the
roof of the
abdomen
Gives pressure to
the breath stream

PHONATION
STAGE

Phonation takes place when voice is


produced in speaking as the expiratory air
stream from the lungs goes up through the
trachea or windpipe to the larynx.

Larynx
Principal organ
of phonation
Found at the
top of the
trachea
Protuberance is
known as the
Adams apple

Vocal Cords
A pair of
bundles of
muscles and
cartilages
Open and
close at
various
degrees

Trachea
Also known as
windpipe
Passageway
of air going
up from the
lungs

RESONATION
STAGE

The voice produced in phonation is


weak.
It becomes strong and rich only when
amplified and modified by the human
resonators.
Resonation is the process of voice
amplification and modification.

Pharynx
Common passageway
for air and food
Located behind the
nose and mouth and
includes the cavity at
the back of the tongue
Divisions of the
pharynx:
Nasal pharynx
Oral pharynx
Laryngeal pharynx

Nose
Consists of the external
and internal portions
Nostrils openings of
the external nose
Nasal cavity internal
nose; directly behind
the external nose
through which the air
passes on its way to
the pharynx
Septum divides the
external and internal
nose into two separate
passageways

Mouth
Divided into the
vestibule and the
oral cavity proper
Vestibule felt by
placing the tongue
tip outside the teeth
but inside the lips
Oral cavity felt by
retracting the
tongue, closing the
jaws and moving the
tongue about

Resonators:
Upper
part
of the
larynx
Oral
pharyn

cavity

Nasal
cavity

ARTICULATION
STAGE

Articulation occurs when the tone


produced in the larynx is changed into
specific sounds.
This is the result of the movement of the
articulators towards the points of
articulation.

Lips
Highly
flexible
Can be
moved into
numerous
positions
essential to
articulation

Teeth
Serve as
important
surfaces in
articulation
Embedded in
the alveolar
ridge or gum
ridges of the
oral cavity

Dome
Also known as
the hard palate
Bony roof of the
mouth
Serves as an
important
surface against
which the tongue
makes contact

Uvula
Small nub on
the lower
border of the
soft palate
Movable tip at
the midline of
the free
border of the
soft palate

Velum
Also known as
the soft palate
Separates the
nasal pharynx
from the oral
cavity
A flexible curtain
attached along
the rear border of
the hard palate

Tongue
Flexible organ
consisting of
muscles, glands
and connective
tissues
Parts of the tongue:
Apex or tip
Blade

Front
Center
Back
root

articulators
Lower
jaw

Uvula

Velum

Lower
lip

Tongue

Upper lip
Upper
teeth
Points of
articulati
on

Upper
alveolar
ridge
Hard
palate
Soft
palate

Consonants vs. Vowels


consonantal sounds: obstruction of airflow in vocal tract
vowel sounds: little to no obstruction of airflow

Features of Consonants and Vowels


Voicing (state of the glottis)
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation

Airstream
Mechanisms

Speech production mechanism


Airstream process:
The ways in which the lung (or the closed glottis, even the tongue) pushes
air out or sucks it in during speech.
Egressive sounds: air is pushed out.
Ingreessive sounds: air is sucked in.

Phonation process:
The actions of the vocal folds.

Articulatory process:
The movements of the tongue and the lips interacting with the roof of the
mouth and the pharynx.
Including the oro-nasal process.

Airstream Mechanisms
3 Airstream Mechanisms:
Lung airflow (pulmonic airflow mechanism)
Glottalic airflow
Velaric airflow

Airstream Mechanisms
Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism
air is pushed out of the lungs by downward movement of rib
cage and/or upward movement of diaphragm

Plosives
stops made with an egressive pulmonic airstream
these are stops, e.g. [p, t, k]

Airstream Mechanisms
Two Types of Glottalic Airstream Mechanism
Glottalic Egressive Airstream
Glottalic Ingressive Airstream

Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic
we can move different bodies of air
move a closed glottis up, youll push air
out of the mouth
move closed glottis down, air will be
sucked into the mouth

Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic Egressive Airstream
glottis acts as a kind of piston
compressing air in the pharynx
compressed air released when tongue body is lowered,
i.e. when stop is released
Glottalic egressive sound [k]
These sounds are also called EJECTIVES
Hausa and Lakota are just two languages with ejectives.

Airstream Mechanisms
Glottalic Ingressive Sounds
glottis moves downward
sucking air inwards
but the glottis is not completely closed
some pulmonic air is still being pushed out
keeping the vocal cords vibrating
Bilabial implosive
Glottalic ingressive stops are also called IMPLOSIVES
Sindhi is an example of a language with implosives

Airstream mechanism
Gllotic Egressive Mechanism

Airstream mechanism
Gllotic Ingressive Mechanism

Airstream mechanism
Vellaric
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral
cavity
Pressure reduced by forming vellaric and
alveolar closure and pulling down tongue

Airstream Mechanisms
Velaric Airstream Mechanism
this is the mechanism used to make clicks!!
they involve trapping a body of air rarefying it (adding a
pinch of salt for taste) and then releasing it, resulting in
a click

Airstream mechanism
Velaric Mechanism

Airstream mechanism
All sounds are made with some movements of air
The basic source of power is the lungs
The air goes up the windpipe (trachea) and into the
larynx and out of the body through the vocal tract
(i.e. mouth or nose)

Vocal folds
Their outer edges are attached to
muscle in the larynx while their
inner edges are free.
If the back end of the vocal folds
are held apart, a triangular space
opens up between them.
The space is called glottis.

Anatomy of the larynx

Modes of Phonation
Phonation:

larynx function as a source

Larynx function:
(1) generate airstream
(2) serve as an articulator

Phonation modes are categories in which laryngeal


muscles manipulate the folds

Voicing/phonation

Modes of Phonation
Five phonation modes:
Voiceless: vocal folds far apart
Whisper:
vocal folds adducted (closed)
opening between arytenod cartilage
air forced

Modes of Phonation
Breathy:
incomplete close of glottalic cycle
Muscle of arytenoids remain apart

Voice:
Vibration of vocal folds

Creak:
Low frequency vibration of vocal folds
Folds open briefly
Vibration is irregular from cycle to cycle

Glottal stop
Combinatory Phonation Modes:
Breathy + Creaky
creak accompanied by breathy leakage
Animated visual

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