DOWHILEControlStructure

ToolsforStructuredand
ObjectOrientedDesign

Objectives
Indentify,anduseinprogramdesign,counters,
accumulators,andprogramloops
Design,andidentifythecharacteristicsof,a
simplecountercontrolledprogramloop.
Identify,anduseinprogramdesign,the
DOWHILEcontrolstructure.
Identify,anduseinprogramdesign,the
preparationprogramflowchartingsymbol

Objectives(continued)
Designprogramsusingcountercontrolledloops
Designprogramsusingheaderrecordlogic
Definethetermproperprogram

UnderstandingtheAdvantagesofLooping
Whenyouusealoop,thestructurethatrepeatsactions
whilesomeconditioncontinues,withinacomputer
program,
youcanwriteonesetofinstructionsthatoperateson
multiple,separatesetsofdata
Forexample,theadvantageofhavingacomputerperform
payrollcalculationsisthatallofthedeductioninstructions
needtobewrittenonlyonceandcanberepeatedoverand
overagainforeachpaycheck

UsingaWhileLoopwithaLoopControl
Variable
Youlearnedthatalmosteveryprogramhasamain
loop,orabasicsetofinstructionsthatisrepeated
foreveryrecord
Themainloopisatypicalloopwithinit,you
writeonesetofinstructionsthatexecutes
repeatedlywhilerecordscontinuetobereadfrom
aninputfile

UsingaWhileLoopwithaLoopControl
Variable(continued)
Inadditiontothismainloop,loopsalsoappear
withinsubroutines
Usedanytimeyouneedtoperformatask
severaltimesanddontwanttowriteidentical
orsimilarinstructionsoverandover

UsingaWhileLoopwithaLoopControl
Variable(continued)

UsingaWhileLoopwithaLoopControl
Variable(continued)

Threestepsthatmustoccurineveryloopareasfollows:
1. Youmustinitializeavariablethatwillcontrolthe
loop.Thevariableinfigure63isnamedrep.
2. Youmustcomparethevariabletosomevaluethat
controlswhethertheloopcontinuesorstops.Inthis
case,youcomparereptothevalue5.
3. Withintheloop,youmustalterthevariablethat
controlstheloop.Thus,youalterrepbyadding1to
it.

UsingaWhileLoopwithaLoopControl
Variable(continued)
Oneachpassthroughtheloop,thevalueintherep
variabledetermineswhethertheloopwillcontinue
Therefore,variableslikerepareknownasloopcontrol
variables
Tostopaloop,youcomparetheloopcontrolvaluetoa
sentinelvalue
Thestatementsthatexecutewithinaloopareknownasthe
loopbody

UsingaCountertoControlLooping

UsingaCountertoControlLooping
(continued)
Acounterisanynumericvariableyouusetocountthe
numberoftimesaneventhasoccurred;infigure65,you
needacountertokeeptrackofhowmanylabelshavebeen
printedatanypoint
Eachtimeyoureadanemployeerecord,thecounter
variableissetto0
Theneverytimealabelisprinted,youadd1tothecounter
Adding1toavariableiscalledincrementingthevariable

UsingaCountertoControlLooping
(continued)

LoopingwithaVariableSentinelValue
Sometimesyoudontwanttobeforcedtorepeatevery
passthroughaloopthesamenumberoftimes
Forexample,insteadofprinting100labelsforeach
employee,youmightwanttovarythenumberoflabels
basedonhowmanyitemsaworkeractuallyproduces
Towriteaprogramthatproducesanappropriatenumber
oflabelsforeachemployee,youcanmakesomeminor
modificationstotheoriginallabelmakingprogram

LoopingwithaVariableSentinelValue
(continued)
Forexample,theinputfilevariableshavechanged;you
mustdeclareavariableforaninLastProduction
field
Additionally,youmightwanttocreateanumericfield
namedlabelsToPrintthatcanholdavalueequalto
110%ofaworkersinLastProduction
Themajormodificationtotheoriginallabelmaking
programisinthequestionthatcontrolsthelabelproducing
loop

LoopingwithaVariableSentinelValue
(continued)
InsteadofaskingiflabelCounter < 100,
younowcanaskiflabelCounter <
labelsToPrint
Thesentinelorlimitvaluecanbeavariablelike
labelsToPrintjustaseasilyasitcanbea
constantlike100

FlowchartandPseudocodeforLabel
MakingmainLoop()

LoopingbyDecrementing
Ratherthanincrementingaloopcontrolvariable
untilitpassessomesentinelvalue,sometimesitis
moreconvenienttoreducealoopcontrolvariable
oneverycyclethroughaloop
Decreasingavariablebyoneiscalled
decrementingthevariable

DOWHILEExample

DoWhileExample

DoWhileExample

DOWHILEPseudocode

DOWHILEExample