LEARNING

Presented by-
Indu Kumari
Manoranjan Paul
Nalinaksh Tripathi
Ranjit Kumar Nayak
Saurabh Kumar Soni
 Learning

• Learning is (relatively) permanent

change in behaviour as the result of
experience.
 Theories Of learning
• Behavioural

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

• Cognitive

Social learning
 Classical conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an

individual responds to some stimulus
that would not ordinarily produce
such as response.
 Experiment of Ivan
Pavlov

Presentation of food Salivation response

Before conditioning
 Experiment of Ivan Pavlov

Presentation of food Salivation response

Sound of bell

During conditioning
 Experiment of Ivan Pavlov

Sound of bell Salivation response

After conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
• A type of conditioning in which
desired voluntary behaviour leads to
reward or prevents a punishment.

• Consequences determine the

behaviour that results in learning.
 Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner- Skinner Box
 Operant Conditioning

Types of reinforcement

- Positive reinforcement

- Negative reinforcement
 Operant Conditioning

Schedules of reinforcement
. Continuous
• Fixed interval
• Variable interval
• Fixed ratio
• Variable ratio
 Schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcement Nature of Effects of Example
schedules reinforcement reinforcement

continuous Reward given after each Fast learning of new Compliments

desired behaviour behaviour but rapid
extinction

Fixed- Reward given at fixed time Average and irregular Weekly pay checks
intervals performance with rapid
Interval extinction

Variable Reward given at variable Moderately high and stable Pop quizzes
time interval performance with slow
Interval extinction

Fixed Ratio Reward given at fixed High and stable performance Piece-rate pay
amount of output attained quickly but also with
rapid extinction

Variable Ratio Reward given at variable Very high performance with Commissioned sales
amount of out put slow extinction
 Social learning Theory
• The view that people can learn
through observation and direct
experience.

• Learning occurs by modelling the

behaviour of others.