Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Azhar Kasim,MPA
SGPP
Public
Public
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Elite Theory
Institutionalism
Group Theory
Political System Theory
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Institutionalist
typically have
problems in explaining social
and political change, notably
in institutions themselves,
and often resort to claims
about exogenous and
unpredictable shocks or the
actions of various agents.
Yet,
What
Te
c
&
Organizations
International
Relations
hn
ol
og
y
iat
ion
s
sA
ss
oc
nc
e
Political Culture
Bu
sin
es
ts
Social
u
/
p
d
n
I
n
Structure Sosiala t
m or etc
e
D upp its
S im
Social
L
e
tur
POLICY
MAKING
Sc
ie
NGOs
External Environm
c
tru
ras
Inf
ic
om
s
on
ie
Ec
rt
Pa
al
ic
lit
Po
Outputs
Climate
Action
Public Problem
Public Demand
Failed to be in
Policy Agenda
Policy Agenda
Policy Formulation:
Policy Analysis
Policy Decision
Policy Statement
Leave it alone
No policy decision
Positive Action
Policy
Implementation
Policy Output
Policy Evaluation
Feedback
In
In
developed countries,
democratic, policy formulation
process is determined by the
debates with arguments
supported by policy analysis, and
lobbying should be done in a
transparent manner should not
be giving gratuities
New
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2.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
(legislation)
Keputusan operasional yang dibuat oleh
para pejabat/birokrat (operatioal decision)
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DISTRIBUTIVE
REGULATORY
Public policy aimed at regulating the life of
society by restricting the freedom of action of
the subject (population groups) to reduce the
conflict between rival factions
Example: Anti-Trust Legislation, Environmental
Protection
SELF-REGULATORYT
Policy cultivated and supported by interest
groups to promote and protect Reviews their
interests
Example: Licensed by the Association of
Professional Practice, Reviews such as IDI
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Efficiency
Effectiveness
Equity
Equality
Public Participation
Freedom
Predictability
Procedural Fairness
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PARETO OPTIMALITY
Community prosperity increased if at least one person
grew prosperous (better off) with no cause other people
getting poorer (worse off).
KALDIR-HICKS CRITERION
Public welfare increases when people who benefit from
public policy / development (WHO gain) to help others
who are disadvantaged (who lose) so that no one else
even poorer if there are people who grow rich.
WOODROW WILSON
Kebijakan publik dibuat oleh politikus. Administrasi
(publik) yang dikelola berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip
manajemen ilmiah bersifat netral dan profesional,
berfungsi sebagai implementor kebijakan.
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Policy Implementation:
Administrative (Deliver)
POLICY OUTPUT
ASUMSI:
The ends or goals of administrative action were fixed by
statue or by directive of a responsible political official
The administrators discretion extended only to decision on
ENVIRONMENT I
Policy Formulation
Linkages
Linkages
ENVIRONMENT II
Policy Implementation
ENVIRONMENT III
Policy Evaluation
Linkages
Linkages
ENVIRONMENT II
Policy Implementation
Programmed
Implementation
Adaptive
Implementation
The objectives to be
achieved are
formulated in detail
Lines of authority
and responsibilities
are clarified
Standardized
operational
procedures
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Reality Based
Time Bound
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2.
Makers
Formal Implementers
Mass Media
Lobbyists
Receivers / policy target groups, and
Evaluators
Since the implementation of the policy is usually not done
in force, then the official must do persuasion, negotiation
and compromise with the other actors concerned
Organizational structure and bureaucratic norms can
influence policy implementation