|












 




     

 


A.M. Sharaf & M. S. El-

El-Moursi
Department of Electrical/Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick
PO Box 4400-
4400-UNB, Fredericton, N.B., Canada, E3B 5A3
Emails : sharaf@unb.ca , m.shawky@unb.ca
 ã

Objectives

FACTS--Technology
FACTS

SSSC--Device
SSSC

Digital Simulation Model

48 pulse-
pulse-GTO VSC Converter

Decoupled d-
d-q Current Control

Results

Conclusion

Future Work
 v
 ã


This paper presents the concept of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission

Systems (Facts) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) device
comprising a 48 pulse-
pulse-GTO DC-
DC-AC VSC converter model.

This SSSC-
SSSC-compensator device can provide a fully controllable series injected
(Buck/Boost) compensating voltage over an identical specified capacitive and
inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the transmission line current.
In addition to series reactive/capacitive compensation using an external dc
sustained power supply, it can also compensate for any feeder voltage drop M
across the inductive component
of the transmission line impedance.

This paper presents a novel d-

d-q decoupled controller using Phase Locked Loop
(PLL).

SSSC--Device Performance and Control Validation.

SSSC
 |
|| 

Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new integrated concept based on power

electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and
power transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC
system interconnections



Power Flow Control

Series Compensation
Voltage Regulation of Long Transmission System
Economic Operation
Voltage Stability Enhancement
Harmonic SSR Torsional Mode Damping by Detuning Resonance Conditions
 FACTS KEY DEVICE
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

A static synchronous Series Compensator operated without an external energy source as

Reactive Power with output voltage is in quadrature with and fully controllable
independently of the transmission line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing
the overall reactive voltage drop across the transmission line and thereby controlling the
electric power flow.

The SSSC FACTS device can provide either capacitive or inductive injected voltage
compensation, if SSSC-
SSSC-AC injected voltage, (Vs), lags the line current IL by 90º, a capacitive
series voltage compensation is obtained in the transmission line and if leads IL by 90º, an
inductive series compensation is achieved.
| 


Figure 1 shows a single line diagram of a S.E. R.E.

simple Transmission line with an inductive
transmission reactance, XL, connecting a sending-
sending-
end (S.E.) voltage source, , and a receiving end
(R.E.) voltage source, respectively.

 
 
V
"
"  V
" (1) Figure 1: A Sample Power Transmission System.
Õ Õ

 



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" rr

 " r  
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M
 M  M
(4)
 The expression of power flow given in eq.1 and eq. 2 become

2 2
 sin " sin " (5)




Õ 1

Õ

 


 " r

 " r (6)

 
 Õ  r
Õ

Where e is the e ective total transmission line reactance bet een its sending and

eceiving po er system ends, including the equivalent ³variable reactance´ inserted by the
equivalent in ected voltage ( s) ( uck or oost) by the - T ompensator.
 ¢



!

Figure 2 shows a simple power system 230-

230-kV network grid equipped with SSSC rated at
¬Ã0 Mvar and its novel controllers which connected in series with the transmission system.
The 48 pulse (VSC) SSSC connected in series with transmission line at bus B1 by coupling
transformer T1.

Linear Load

Figure 2: The single line diagram representing the SSSC interface at S.E. of a Radial Distribution System.
The feeding AC network is represented by an equivalent Thevenin is at (bus B1) where the
voltage source is a 230 kV with 10000 MVA short circuit level (resistor 0.1 pu and an
equivalent reactance of 0.3 pu) followed by the 230 kV radial transmission line connected
to bus B2. The full system parameters are given in Table 1.

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M

  
Rated 230 kV Valves GTO
Voltage

MVA S.C 10e4 MVA No. of pulses 48

Resistance 0.1 pu dc voltage 1 kV

Reactance 0.3 pu Rated Power ¬35 MVAR

RatedVoltage 230 kV

Ts R 1mȍ

|
 


 
" 
Xl 0.25 pu Capacitance 20mF

RL 0.05 pu dc voltage 1 kV

Rated 230 kV |
 

Voltage

|
  Rated Voltage 6.6/36 kV

Rated 230/33 kV Rated Power 35 MVA

Voltage

Rated power 300 MVA Resistance 0.001 pu

XL 0.01 pu XL 0.02 pu
"vM

 
 M
" M%% "

Figure 3 shows the 48-

48-pulse voltage
converter comprises four identical
12--pulse GTO converters linked by the
12
four 12-
12-pulse transformers with proper
phase--shifted windings to ensure the 48
phase
pulse operation.

Figure 3: 48 pulse GTO¶s Voltage source Converter

VSC-Cascade of (4) 12 pulse Converters
Figure 4 depicts the net resultant 48-
48- line-
line-to
to--neutral voltage of the 48-
48-pulse GTO-
GTO-Converter scheme
representing the SSSC compensator scheme.

 
48 pulse converter output voltage

V 

V 

 
V
V
 V
 V
 V
 V
 V

V
 V

T ime sec

Figure 4: 48-pulse GTO¶s converter output line to neutral voltage Vph .

 %
 
 


The direct power flow control is not effective

under some AC network contingencies.
Therefore the equivalent (or injected voltage)
control level that maintains the desired dynamic
impedance of T.L is recommended.

Figure 5 shows the basic function of effective

decoupled control system to keep the SSSC
voltage, Vc, in quadrature with the transmission
line current, and only control the magnitude of
Vc injection to meet the desired reactive
capacitive compensation level.

Figure 5: Decoupled Control Structure of the SSSC.

The SSSC equivalent impedance Xs is measured as the ratio of the q- q-axis voltage of the SSSC
device,
2 , to the magnitude if line current. This equivalent inserted impedance is then
compared with reference level of the compensation impedance, (SXL). A PI controller
generates the required small phase displacement angle, to charge or discharge the dc
capacitor (C). The final output of the control system is the desired phase angle of the SSSC
device output voltage,
 
  
.
Ú
The novel decoupled control strategy for the SSSC device is validated for both capacitive and
inductive operating modes under severe network disturbances and switching load
contingencies.
 The main function of the SSSC device is to regulate the feeder power flow PL. This can be accomplished by
either direct control of the AC line current or indirect control by compensating the impedance, Xs via a
Buck/Boost compensating injected voltage, Vs.

Xref = positive ; Vs lags IL by 90

90 plus (Capacitive Compensation)

Xref = Negative ; Vs Leads IL by 90

90 plus (Inductive Compensation)

M


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The SSSC device is connected at time t = 0.1 sec, while only load 1 ( P = 0.5 pu and Q = 0.15 pu) is in
attached to the system.

J At t = 0.5 sec, load 2 ( P = 0.235 pu and Q = 0.135 pu) is switched on for a duration 0.4 sec and then
disconnected at t =0.9 sec.

J The SSSC device operates in the capacitive mode with phase angle of at almost -90º. The SSSC device while
operating in this capacitive mode also injects an equivalent capacitive reactance of -0.35 pu in series with the
transmission line.

J When load 2 is switched on, the capacitor Vdc and therefore the reactive power are increased in order to
satisfy the specify . Since the SSSC device is in the capacitive mode, the injected voltage, Vq, lags the line
current by 90º as shown in Figure 5(g).
 ¢






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Figure 6 : Digital simulation results of the sample study 230 kV radial transmission system attached to the
SSSC device at bus B1 & operating in capacitive mode.
The digital simulation is carried out for an inductive load 1 with (P = 0.16Ãpu and
Q = 0.01Ã pu) (at rated voltage) while this load is fully connected from the start point of the
digital simulation.

In the case of an overvoltage state, an inductive series compensation is required to decrease

the voltage at load bus.

When load 2 a capacitive load with (P = 0.6 pu and Q = -0.45 pu) is switched in at t = 0.5
sec
for duration 0.4 sec to the distribution network, this is cause overvoltage so the inductive
compensation is also required.

The SSSC FACTS device is switched to the power system at time t = 0.1 sec and the dc
capacitor is charged by the real power flow from the transmission line to the dc-
dc-side capacitor.

When load 2 is switched on at t = 0.5 sec the SSSC device operates in the inductive mode and
the series injected voltage, Vs, leads the transmission line current, , by 90º as shown in
Figure 6(g).

The SSSC FACTS device provides a fast inductive series compensation for the power system.
 ¢





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1- The SSSC device is a controlled/injected voltage source that injects a near

sinusoidal AC voltage in series with the transmission line.

2- This controlled voltage (Vs) is almost in quadrature with the transmission line
current, thereby can effective as an inductive or a capacitive equivalent reactance in
series with the transmission line.

3- The dynamic power flow in the Transmission line always decreases when the
injected voltage by the SSSC in an inductive reactance mode and the power flow
increases when the injected voltage by the SSSC in a capacitive reactance mode.

4- The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) has an block inherent time delay (about 8
millisecond). This has a great effect on the dynamic performance of the SSSC
device.

5- The paper presents a novel high pulse 48 pulse GTO full model of the SSSC
FACTS device as well as the new dynamic decoupled controller that minimizes the
PLL--loop effect on controller fast response robustness.
PLL
 
 & "

Extensions of control strategies to reduce inherent nonlinearities and AC

week network interactions with controller causing sluggish/unstable
operation
  

P N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible

AC Transmission Systems, IEEE press 2000.

2- L. Gyugyi, K.K. Sen, "Static Synchronous Series Compensator: A Solid-

Solid-State Approach to
the Series Compensation of Transmission Lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 2,
No. 1, pp. 406-
406-41Ã, 199Ã.

3- Amir H. Norouzi, A.M. Sharaf, " An Auxiliary regulator for the SSSC Transient
Enhacement", IEEE 35th North American Power Symposium, Rolla, Missouri, Oct, 2003.

4- Kalyan K. Sen" SSSC

SSSC--Static Synchrounous Series Compensator: Theory, Modeling, and
Applications" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No.1, January 1998.

5- Amir H. Norouzi, thesis " Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Theory, Control and
Simulation of the STATCOM and SSSC" Electrical & Computer Engineering Department,
University of New Brunswick, 2003.

6- Ekanayake, J. B., Jenkins, N., "A three advanced static var compensator", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 11, no.1, pp.540-
pp.540-545.

Ã- C.Schauder, H. Mehta, " Vector analysis and control of advanced static var compensator".
Proc. IEE International Conference on AC and DC Transmission Paper No. 345, pp. 299-
299-
309, 1991.