Psychosexual

,Psychosocial,
Psychocognitive, Moral
Developmental in
Adolescence
Elmeida Effendy
Department of Psychiatry

Stages of Psychosexual
Development
( Sigmund
Freud)

Oral stage : birth- 18 months

Anal stage : 18-36 months
Urethral stage
Phallic stage : 3-5 years
Latency stage : 5-6 years-11-13
years
Genital stage : 11-13 years-reaches
young adulthood
2

 Oral Stage : birth:-18 months

Centers on the mouth, lips, tongue
Oral sensations : thirst, hunger,
pleasurable tactile stimulations evoked
by the nipple or its substitute
Oral triad : eat, sleep, relaxation
Oral drives :
Libidinal (oral erotism) >> early part
s of oral phase
Aggressive (oral sadism): biting,
chewing, spitting, crying, destroying
3

Anal Stage: 18-36 months

Maturation of neuromuscular control over
sphincter
More voluntary control over retention or
expulsion of feces
Toilet training
Anal erotism : sexual pleasure in anal
functioning: retaining the precious feces &
presenting them as a precious gift to the
parent
Ambivalence
Anal sadism : feces : powerful & destructive
weapons
4

Urethral Stage

Transitional stage between anal &

phallic stage
Urethral erotism : pleasure in
urination & retention
Pathological trait s :
competitiveness, ambition,
development of penis envy
Character traits : budding gender
identity & subsequent identifications

Phallic stage : 3-5 years

Primary focus of sexual interests,
stimulation & excitement in genital area
Penis : female
evidence of
castration
Genital masturbation
Oedipal wishes
Objectives: to focus erotic interest in
genital area & genital functioning,
identification
6

Latency Stage : 5-6 years-1113 years

Relative quiescence or inactivity of
sexual drive
Primarily homosexual affiliations for
boys & girls
Sublimation of libidinal & agressive
energies into learning, play activities,
exploring environment

Genital Stage : 11-13yearsreaches young adulthood

Physiological maturation of systems of
genital functioning & attendant
hormonal systems
intensification
of drives, particularly libidinal drive
Regression in personality organization;
reopens conflicts of previous stages of
psychosexual development

Psychocognitive
Development from Jean
Piaget :
1. Sensorymotor Stage (birth-2 years)
2. Stage of Preoperational Thought
(2-7 years)
3. Stage of Concrete Operations (7-11
years)
4. Stage of Formal Operations (11end of adolescence)
9

Sensorymotor Stage (birth-2

years)
: object permanence or the schema
of the permanent object
Ability to understand that objects
have an existence independent of
the childs involvement with them
Symbolization : at about 18 months
infants begin to develop mental
symbols & use words

10

Stage of Preoperational Thought

(2-7 years)
Unable to think logically or
deductively, concepts are primitive
They can name the object but not
classes the object
Events are not linked by logic
If children drop a glass that then
breaks, they have no sense of cause
& effect
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 They believe that the glass was ready

to break, not that they broke the
glass
Immanent justice : the belief that
punishment for bad deeds is
inevitable
Egocentric: they see themselves as
the center of the universe, they have
a limited point of view, unable to take
the role of another person
12

 E.g : children are not being

negativistic when they do not listen
to a command to be quiet cause their
brother has to study. Instead,
egocentric thinking prevents an
understanding of their brothers point
of view

13

 magical thinking = phenomenalistic

causality: events that occur together
are thought to cause one another
(e.g : thunder causes lightning, bad
thoughts cause accidents)
animistic thinking : tendency to
endow physical events & objects with
lifelike psychological attributes, such
as feelings & intentions
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 Semiotic function : children use a symbol

or sign to stand for something else.
Children can represent something such
as an object, event, conceptual scheme
with a signifier, which serves a
representative function (e.g. language,
mental image, symbolic gesture)
Drawing is a semiotic function initially
done as playful exercise but eventually
signifying something else in the real
world
15

Stage of Concrete Operations

(7-11years)
egocentric thought is replaced by operational
thought: children operate & act on the
concrete, real & perceivable world of objects &
events
syllogistic reasoning : in which logical
conclusion is formed from 2 premises, eg: all
horses are mammals (premise), all mammals
are warm blooded (premise); therefore all
horses are warm blooded (conclusion)

16

 Conservation : the ability to recognize

that although the shape of objects
may change, the object still maintain
or serve other characteristics that
enable them to be recognized as the
same, eg : if a ball of clay is rolled
into a long, thin sausage shape,
children recognize that each form
contains the same amount of clay

17

 Reversibility : the capacity to

understand the relation between
things, to realize that one thing can
turn into another & back again, e.g :
ice & water

18

 Stage of Formal Operations (11-end of

adolescence) (Abstract)
Hypotheticodeductive thinking : the
highest organization of cognition &
enables persons to make a hypothesis
or proposition & to test it against reality
Deductive reasoning moves from the
general to the particular and is more
complicated process than inductive
reasoning, which moves from the
particular to the general
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Eight Stages of the Life Cycle

Psychosocial : Erik Erikson
1. Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 months)
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (18
months-3 years)
3.Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)
4.Industry vs Inferiority (5-13 years)
5.Identity vs Role Confusion (13-21 years)
6.Intimacy vs Isolation (21-40 years)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60
years)
8. Integrity vs Despair (60-death)
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1. Basic trust vs basic mistrust

(birth-18 months)
Trust depends not an absolute quantities of
food or demonstrations of love, but rather
on the quality of maternal relationship
Social modality : taking & holding on to
things
Associated virtue : hope
Trust will predominate over mistrust, &
hope will crystallize
Related forms of psychopathology :
psychosis, addictions, depression
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2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

(18months-3 years)
Social modalities : holding on & letting go
Associated virtue : will
When that ratio is favorable, the child will
develop an appropriate sense of
autonomy & the capacity to have and to
hold
Related forms of psychopathology
:paranoia, obsessions, compulsions,
impulsivity
22

3.Initiative vs Guilt (3-5

years)
Increasing mastery of locomotor &
language skills
Jealousy & rivalry for a favored position
with one of the parents
Associate virtue : purpose
Related forms of psychopathology :
conversion disorder, phobia,
psychosomatic disorder
23

4.Industry vs Inferiority (5-13

years)
Develops industry by learning new skills
& takes pride in the things made
Associated virtue : competence
Related forms of psychopathology :
creative inhibition, inertia

24

5.Identity vs Role Confusion

(13-21 years)
Primarily concerned with what they appear
to be in the eyes of others compared to
what they feel they are, & with the
question of how to connect the roles &
skills cultivated earlier with the
occupational prototypes of the day
Associate virtue : fidelity
Related forms of psychopathology
:delinquent behavior, gender related
identity disorder, borderline psychotic
episodes
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 New awareness of sexuality may be

displayed by increased modesty &
embarrassment with their current
physical development
May exhibit itself in an increased
interest in the opposite sex
Overwhelming turmoil, drama rejection
of family, friends & lifestyle, resulting
in a powerful alienation of the
adolescent

Stages of Adolescence
Early adolescence
Middle adolescence
Late adolescence

Early adolescence
12-14 years old
Most striking initial changes are noticedphysically, attitudinally & behaviorally
Criticize usual family habits, insist on
spending time with peers with less
supervision
Have a greater awreness of style and
appearance
May question previously accepted family
values

Middle adolescence
14-16 years old
Lifestyle may reflect their efforts to
pursue their own stated goals of
being independent
Abilities to combine abstract
reasoning with realistic decision
making and the application of social
judgement

 Sexual behavior intensifies, making

romantic relationships more
complicated
Highly influential in their choices of
activities, styles, music,idols and role
models

Late adolescence
17-19 years old
Continued exploration of academic
pursuits, musical & artistic tastes,
athletic participation & social bonds
leads a teen toward greater of self &
a sense of belonging to certain
groups or subcultures with
currentchoices of activities,tastes,
hobbies and friendships

Components of
Adolescence

Physical development
Puberty
Sexual maturity rating (SMR)= Tanner
stages
SMR 1 : prepuberty
SMR 5 : adult
SMR rating include stages of genital
maturity in boys and breast
development in girls, as well as pubic
hair development

Cognitive Maturation
Transition from concrete thinking to
more abstract thinking
An increased awareness to draw
logical conclusions in scientific
pursuits, with peer interactions and in
social situations; new abilities for self
observation and self-regulation
Increased awareness of their own
intellectual,artistic and athletic gifts
and talent

Socialization
Ability to find acceptance in peer
relationships as well as the development
of more mature social cognition
Develop a sense of belonging to a peer
group
Friendships become more individualized
and personal secrets are likely shared
with a friend rather than a family
member

Moral Development
A set of values and beliefs about
codes of behavior that conform to
those shared by others in society
Adolescents tend to develop patterns
of behaviors characteristic of their
family and educational environments
and by imitation of specific peers and
adults whom they admire

Lawrence Kohlberg integrated Piagets

concepts and described 3 major levels of
morality :
1.Preconventional morality: punishment &
obedience to the parent are the determining
factors
2.Morality of conventional role-conformity;
children try to conform to gain approval and
to maintain good relationships with others
3.Morality of self accepted moral principles;
children voluntarily comply with rules on the
basis of aconcept of ethical principles &
make exceptions to rules in certain
circumstances

 Piaget : moral development : a gradual

process parallel to cognitive development,
with expanded abilities in differentiating
the best interests for society from those of
individuals occurring during late
adolescence
Preschool children follow rules set forth by
the parents; in the middle years, children
accept rules but show an inability to allow
for exceptions; during adolesence, young
persons recognize rules in terms of what
is good for the society at large

Self esteem
A measure of ones sense of self-worth
based on perceived success and
achievements, as well as a perception
of how much one is valued by peers,
family members, teachers and society
in general
Most important correlates of good
self esteem are ones perception of
positive physical appearance & high
value to peers and family

 Secondary features of self esteem

relate to academic achievement,
athletic abilities and special talents

Current Environmental
Influences and Adolescence
Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Risk Taking Behavior

Adolescent Sexual
Behavior
Factors that Influence Adolescent Sexual
Behavior : personality traits,
gender,cultural and religious
background, racial factors, family
attitudes & sexual education &
prevention programs
Contraceptives
Pregnancy
Abortion

Risk Taking Behavior

Drug use
Bullying
Gangs
Weapons
School violence
Sexual offense
Prostitution
Tattoos & body piercing