INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN

LANGUAGES
Global Studies 301

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

POLITICS
MICROPOLITICS AND MACROPOLITICS
POWER, AUTHORITY AND COERCION
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE
TYPES OF AUTHORITY

MICROPOLITICS AND MACROPOLICTICS

WHAT IS
POWER?

MICROPOLICT
ICS

MACROPOLICTI
CS

POWER, AUTHORITY, COERCION

Power?

Authority?

Coercion?

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE

The state is a political entity that claims monopoly on
the use of violence in some particular territory
Because government uses too much power, the state
loses legitimacy which is leading to the revolution and
the collapse of authority

Monopoly: government has complete control of something on one can do as them

A SINGLE PERSON

A GROUP OF PEOPLE
=
REVOLUTION

THE COLLAPSE OF
AUTHORITY

THREE SOURCES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED

1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
2. RATIONAL-LEGAL
AUTHORITY
3. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
CUSTOM

 As the society changes, the tradition also changes

Industrial society

Postindustrial society

RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY
LAW OR WRITTEN RULES AND REGULATIONS

Rational means reasonable

Legal mean part of law

PRIME MINISTER HUN SEN

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
AN INDIVIDUALS OUTSTANDING TRAITS

A charismatic individual is
someone to whom people
are drawn because they
believe that person has
been touched by God or has
been endowed by nature
with exceptional quality
KING JAYAVARMAN VII

AUTHORITY AS IDEAL TYPE

The classifications of traditional, rational-legal, and
charismatic authorities represent ideal type of authority.
There are the combinations of these three
TRADITIONAL AND CHARISMATIC
AUTHORITIES
RATIONAL-LEGAL AND CHARISMATIC
AUTHORITIES
TRADITIONAL AND RATIONAL-LEGAL
AUTHORITIES

TRADITIONAL AND CHARISMATIC

AUTHORITIES

KING NORODOM SIHANOUK

RATIONAL-LEGAL AND CHARISMATIC

AUTHORITIES

JOHN F. KENNEDY

TRADITIONAL AND RATIONAL-LEGAL

AUTHORITIES

RARE INSTANCE

UNUSUAL

THE TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY

The transfer of authority after a term has been served or
at the death, resignation, or incapacitation of a leader is
critical for social stability
Under traditional authority, people generally know who
next line is
Under rational-legal authority, people may not know who
the next leader will be, but they do know how that person
will be selected
Under charismatic authority, transfer by appointing a
successor and practicing routinization of charisma

GOVERNMENTS
WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS
TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
TYPES OF MONARCHIES

WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?

Governments are empowered to establish

and regulate the interrelationships of the
people with their territorial confines

FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS
Function of government is to secure the common welfare of the
member of the social aggregate over which is exercise control

FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS
1. To establish justice
2. To ensure domestic tranquility
3. To provide for the common defense
4. To promote the general welfare
5. To secure the blessings of liberty

TYPE OF GOVERNMENTS
DEMOCRACY
MONARCHY
DICTATORSHIP AND OLIGARCHIES

DEMOCRACIES
A system of government in which authority derives from the
people or give the power to the people

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
DIRECT REFERENDUM (DIRECT DEMOCRACY)
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (INDIRECT
DEMOCRACY)

DIRECT DEMOCRACY
Classically term of pure democracy
Directly vote by people

INDIRECT DEMOCRACY

Is a form of government found on the principle of elected

individuals representing the people .

MONARCHY
Is form of government in which all
political power is absolutely or
normally lodged an individual

As a political entity , the

monarch (king or queen) is the
head of state generally until their
death or abdication (resignation)

TYPES OF MONARCHIES
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITED

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
Is Monarchical form of government where the monarch
exercise ultimate governing authority as head of state and
head of government

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

A form of government in which a monarch act as a

head of state but powered by The Prime minister

DICTATORSHIP AND OLIGARCHIES

Dictatorship is a form of government in which

power seized by an individual
Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is
held by a small group of individuals

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
SEVEN ARRANGEMENTS OF SOVEREIGNTY
THE PROCESS OF MAKING LAWS

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION
What is the Sovereignty?
The power of state to do
everything to govern itself

SEVEN ARRANGEMENTS OF SOVEREIGNTY

Presidential systems
Parlimentary systems
Hybrid systems
Military rule
Monarchies
Theocratic states
One-party political systems

THE PROCESS OF MAKING LAWS

Law

Chief
Executive
Upper House

Bill

Lower House

Bill: a written draft of a proposed law formally represented to a legislature for its consideration
Veto: to refuse to allow something to be done

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS
The
President

The president is elected by

voters
Voters elect the members of
congress
President: both the chief
executive and the head of state
President: power to veto the bill

For President

For Lower
House

Voter
Members of
Congress

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS
President has no authority to
remove members of the
legislature
Legislature have the right to
make laws without the chief
executives approval
President have right to remain
in the position for the full term

CHECKS AND BALANCES

ADVANTAGES

VS.

Direct mandate
Seperation of powers
Speed and decisiveness
Stability

DISADVANTAGES

Tendency towards
authoritarianism
Seperation of powers
Impediments to leadership

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
The voters elect the members of
lower chamber
The members of lower chamber
elect the chief executive
The chief executive selects the
members of lower chamber to
become the head of major
ministries

For Lower
House

The Prime
Minister

Voter
MPs

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
Bills are proposed by the chief executive in consultation
with head of ministries
Any vote against the bill could result in an immediate
new election (vote of no confidence)
Elections for parliament are not held at regular intervals
The head of state usually is a king or queen (hereditary
monarch)

TERMS OF PRIME MINISTER

Presidential Systems

Parliamentary Systems

Election

Election

Fixed Term

Fixed Term

Vote of No Confidence

Election

Election

New Prime Minister

or Election

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
ADVANTAGES

It is faster and easier to pass the legislation

The chief executive cannot become an authoritarian leader
It allows changes in power without election
Elections can be held at anytime

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
DISADVANTAGES
The head of major ministries is not directly elected
Nobody oppose or veto the legislation passed by the
MPs
The systems are sometime unstable
The prime minister and MPs work systematically

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

WHO IS THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND
HEAD OF STATE?

Presidential

Parliamentary

The president

The president is elected by the

voters

The member of congress is elected

by the voters

The election is held regularly

The prime minister and hereditary

monarch
The members of lower chamber are
elected by voters
The chief executive is elected by the
members of lower chamber
The chief executive choose the head of
major ministries
The election is not held regularly

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

CAN THE LEGISLATURE REMOVE THE
EXECUTIVE?

Presidential

Parliamentary

The president cannot be removed

The president cannot dissolve the

legislature

The legislature can remove the

chief executive

The members of legislature are

less disciplined

The chief executive can remove

the members of legislature

The members of legislature are

more disciplined

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

WHICH SYSTEM IS BETTER?

We CANNOT define which one

is better than another

HYBRID SYSTEMS

HYBRID SYSTEMS

SEMIPRESIDENTIAL

SEMIPARLIAMENTARY

Hybrid system refers to a system which has both the

president and the prime minister who share executive
power with each other

HYBRID SYSTEMS
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
The president is the chief executive
The president and MPs are separately elected
The president has constitutional power to select the
prime minister
The president is more powerful

HYBRID SYSTEMS
SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

The prime minister is chief executive

The prime minister is elected by MPs
The MPs is elected by voters
The prime minister select MPs to be head of ministries
The prime minster select the president indirectly
The prime minister is more powerful

MILITARY RULE
A military leader acts as the chief executive
No opposition party is allowed
A military ruler is the head of military

MONARCHY

KING OR QUEEN HAS

ABSOLUTE POWER.
HE OR SHE IS NOT ONLY
THE HEAD OF STATE BUT
ALSO THE HEAD OF
GOVERNMENT.

King of Arabia

THEOCRATIC STATES
The state that is dominated by religious leader.
The ruler is believed to have connection with God.

IRAQ

IRAN

ONE-PARTY RULES
One party rules is a type of party system government in
which a single political party forms the government and
no other parties are permitted to run candidates for
election.

CUBA

CHINA

WHO CHOOSES CHIEF EXECUTIVE?

Voters

Political Systems

Members of lower house of the legislature

(people inside government)

Parliamentary System

Voters (people outside government)

Presidential System

Military

Military Rule

Heredity in monarchy

Monarchy

Religious body

Theocratic States

Ruling political party

One Party Rule

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

HOW DOES CITIZEN PARTICIPATE IN POLITIC ?

Voting
Involve in community activities
Cooperating with government
Withholding cooperation from government
Informing or confronting government

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA
Amendment I:
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.

Voting

Communicating with
government

Demonstration

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS

1. Political Parties
are groups of officials or would-be officials who are linked
with a sizable group of citizens into an organization and
the objective of this organization is to ensure that its
officials attain power or are maintained in power.

TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTIES

ONE-PARTY
SYSTEM

TWO-PARTY SYSTEM

MULTIPARTY SYSTEM

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES

They select and support candidates

They inform the public
They carry the message of the people to the government
They act as a watchdog over government activities
They serve as a link between different levels and
branches of government

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS

2. Interest Groups
are institutions that unite people with common interests as
they try to persuade or influence people in government to
change their policies or decisions.

TYPES OF INTEREST GROUPS

Economic Groups
Business Groups
Agricultural Groups
Labor Groups
Professional Groups

Citizen Groups
Public interest Groups
Single-issue Groups
Ideological Groups

INTEREST GROUPS USE VARIOUS TACTICS TO

AFFECT THE GOVERNMENT

Direct Lobbying
Indirect Lobbying/Grass-roots
Electioneering
Litigation

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST GROUPS

To bring issues and concerns to the attention of the
public, lawmakers and policymakers
To represent the interests and concerns of specific
groups
Their support of political candidates who favor their
interests and goals

REFERENCES
Robert, E. Gamer, Governments and Politics, 1994
Phillips Shively, W. Power and Choice, 2007
John, J. Harrigan, Politics and the American Future Dilemmas of
Democracy, 1996
David C. Saffell & Basehart, H. State and Local Government, 2005
Jack, E. & Michael, J. & Robert, E. American Government, 1991
Thomas, E. American Democracy, 2001